Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]

Glomeromycota

2019-05-07T19:38:45Z

Johnroet:

The Glomeromycota are limited in number compared to other phyla of fungi. However, they make up for this lack of diversity by being among the most proliferant and widespread of all fungi. As far as we know all species of Glomeromycota form mutualistic relationships with plants, in the role of [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]].

[[File:GlomusSpores.jpg|400px|thumb|left|]]

These fungi were considered to be members of the [[Zygomycota]] for many years, mainly because their hyphae lack septa and because their spores may superficially resemble zygospores. More recent genetic evidence shows that they are quite distinct from other fungi and definitely belong in a separate phylum. Paleontologists have suspected this for a long time. The fossil roots of plants known to be as old as 450 million years clearly contain the hyphae and spores of Glomeromycota, showing this group to be among the oldest of fungi. The left photograph shows hyphae and spores of a species of Glomus, collected from the soil surrounding the roots of a balsam poplar tree. Such structures are indistinguishable from those in the fossil record.

[[File:Glomeromycota-spores.jpg|thumb|Gigaspora margarita in association with Lotus corniculatus]]

=='''Reproduction'''==

The Glomeromycota reproduction via sporeulation. There is no evidence that the Glomeromycota are able reproduce sexually. Studies using molecular marker in their genes have detected little to no evidence of genetic recombination, so it is assumed that the spores are formed asexually.

No member of the Glomeromycota has ever been grown in the laboratory independently of its plant associate.It is still not known exactly what these fungi need as nutrients.

=='''Symbiotic Relationship'''==

The Glomeromycota have symbiotic relationships with plants and evidence suggests that glomeromycota depend on the carbon and energy provided by their partner plants to survive.

=='''Colonization'''==
New colonization of arbuscular microrhysal fungi largely depends on the amount of inoculum present in the soil.
Although pre-existing hyphae and infected root fragments have been shown to successfully colonize the roots of a host, germinating spores are considered to be the key players in new host establishment. Spores are commonly dispersed by fungal and plant burrowing herbivore partners, but some exhibiting air dispersal capabilities are also known to exist.
Studies have shown that spore germination is specific to particular environmental conditions such as right amount of nutrients, temperature or host availability. It has also been observed that the rate of root system colonization is directly proportional to spore density in the soil.In addition, new data also suggests that arbuscular microrhysal fungi host plants also secrete chemical which factor in the attraction of the fungi and enhance the growth of developing spore hyphae towards the root system.

=='''References'''==
[1]"21st Century Guidebook to Fungi", David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci.

[2]"A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution". Mycol. Res.

[3]Zangaro, Waldemar, Leila Rostirola, Vergal Souza, Priscila Almeida Alves, Bochi Lescano, Ricardo Rondina, Luiz Nogueira, and Eduardo Carrenho. "Root Colonization and Spore Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Distinct Successional Stages from an Atlantic Rainforest Biome in Southern Brazil." Mycorrhiza 2013.

Bedrock

2019-04-26T15:22:56Z

Johnroet: Created page with "=Overview= Bedrock is the term for the solid rock layer that lies below the looser regolith of an area. File:Soil_Horizons.gif|right|200px|Image of bedrock (R) and the..."

=Overview=
Bedrock is the term for the solid rock layer that lies below the looser [[regolith]] of an area.

[[File:Soil_Horizons.gif|right|200px|Image of bedrock (R) and the other [[Soil Horizons]]|thumb]]

=Composition=
Bedrock refers specifically to the closest rock layer to the surface after all the organic material, soil, loose rocks, and other materials are removed. Bedrock can be any of the three rock types; Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous, in origin. Further rock layers below the bedrock are referred to as rockhead. The depth of regolith can range from nonexistent to extremely deep, depending on location.

=Soil Formation=
Soil Formation, or [[Pedogenesis]], is the term used to describe the steady weathering of the bedrock as it moves moves up the [[Soil Horizons]] from the R Horizon (solid rock) to the A and O horizons. As the rock is broken down into smaller and smaller pieces. The [[Jenny Equation]], or Clorpt equation refers to bedrock as p, or parent material. [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcseprd1330210&ext=pdf]

=Resources=

[[ROCKD]][https://rockd.org/] is a free website and app that provides an interactive bedrock map of the whole world.

State maps can be found here: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/[https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/]

=References=

[1]https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcseprd1330210&ext=pdf

[2]https://rockd.org/

[3]https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/

Soil Particle Size Analysis Methods

2019-04-23T18:50:30Z

Johnroet:

==Soil Particle Size Analysis Methods==

[[File:sieve.jpg|left|thumb|caption|US Standard Sieve]]

There are three basic classifications of [[soil]] particle size. They include [[clay]], [[silt]] and [[sand]], from smallest to largest, respectively. There are several different methods to determining how much clay, silt and sand is in a sample of soil, two include sieving, and another which uses a hydrometer. There is another method used in determining the amount of organic mater in soil, to do this one might use the [[Loss on Ignition]] test, however the purpose of this article will be to focus on clay, silt and sand only.

===Sieving===

To begin, the soil sample needs to be dried to a constant weight, eliminating all the moisture held in the soil. This should be done in an airtight oven, for 24 hrs at 120˚F.

Once the soil is dried to constant weight, the sieving can begin. The sieves come with different size screens and they should be chosen according to the particles that are to be isolated.

There should be one sieve on top with larger holes to accommodate for gravel that is in the soil. Gravel includes any particle larger than 2mm and will be considered as "sand". [1]
[[File:sievestack.jpeg|right|thumb|caption|Stacked Sieve: largest screen size at the top, smallest screen sieve at the bottom]]

Course sand particles range from 1.0 - 2.0 mm while very fine sand particles range from 0.05 - 0.10mm.[1] Choosing two or more sieves within that range might be helpful to account for larger or smaller sand particles; for instance, include a sieve at 2.0mm and one at 0.05mm.
Silt particles ranges from 0.05mm - 0.002 mm [1], therefore a sieve with a corresponding screen hole size of 0.002 mm should suffice.

Lastly, clay particles are anything smaller than 0.002mm. [1] At the bottom of the stack of sieves should be placed a bottom container with a solid bottom to collect the clay particle that will sift past the 0.002mm sieve.

Once the sieves are set up, the soil sample that has been dried to a constant weight will be sifted through the sieves using a sieve shaker. After about 15-20 min of shaking the soil should be separated into gravel, sand, silt and clay. The proportions can then be calculated to determine how much of each particle is one soil sample. For instance, 26g sand/50g total soil = 52% sand.

Soil sieving is a purely mechanical process of determining soil particle size in a sample of soil. [2] A better method to accurately separating clay particles from the soil would be to a hydrometer.

===Hydrometer===

Because [[clay]] particles are made up of either three or four charged ions, they tend to cling to one another [3], this being called flocculation[4]. This can sometimes pose a problem when trying to accurately determine the proportion of clay particles in a sample of soil. Measuring soil samples using a hydrometer will give an accurate reading of sand silt and clay particles.
[[File:hydrometer.jpg|right|thumb]]
To measure using a hydrometer, a solution of water mixed with sodium hexametaphosphate is prepared and poured into a 1000ml graudated cylinder. The soil sample (for example 50g soil) is then poured into the solution and shaken or stirred until evenly distributed. The hydrometer is then placed in the graduated cylinder, and a measurement is read off of it after 40 seconds. The hydrometer is then taken out and the solution of soil, water, and sodium hexmetaphosphate it stirred or shaken again. Another 40 second reading will be taken and then an average of the two readings will be calculated to determine the amount of sand (and gravel) in the sample. The solution, with the hydrometer in it still, will then sit for at least an hour, the reading on the hydrometer will show the amount of clay in the sample, and the remainder of the sample will be silt.

The proportion of clay is able to be determined due to the sodium hexametaphospahte, which acts as a defloccuant, meaning the clay particle ions will now repulse each other instead of clinging to one another. [4,5]

===References===
1. Whiting, David, et al. Estimating Soil Texture. 2003, Estimating Soil Texture, culter.colorado.edu/~kittel/SoilChar(&RibbonTest)_handout.pdf.

2. “Particle Size Analysis (for Soils/Sediments).” UCL Department of Geography, www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/resources/laboratory/laboratory-
methods/particle-size-analysis/particle-size-analysis-for-soils-sediments.

3. “1.8 Clay Mineral Structure.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C. Coleman et al., Academic Press, 2018.

4. Tozzi, Nilo. “Deflocculants: A Detailed Overview.” Deflocculants: A Detailed Overview, digitalfire.com/4sight/education/deflocculants_a_detailed_overview_324.html.

5. Andreola, Fernanda, et al. “The Role of Sodium Hexametaphosphate in the Dissolution Process of Kaolinite and Kaolin.” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Elsevier, 24 Sept. 2003, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955221903003662.

Soil Particle Size Analysis Methods

2019-04-23T18:50:00Z

Johnroet:

==Soil Particle Size Analysis Methods==

[[File:sieve.jpg|left|thumb|caption|US Standard Sieve]]

There are three basic classifications of soil particle size. They include [[clay]], [[silt]] and [[sand]], from smallest to largest, respectively. There are several different methods to determining how much clay, silt and sand is in a sample of soil, two include sieving, and another which uses a hydrometer. There is another method used in determining the amount of organic mater in soil, to do this one might use the [[Loss on Ignition]] test, however the purpose of this article will be to focus on clay, silt and sand only.

===Sieving===

To begin, the soil sample needs to be dried to a constant weight, eliminating all the moisture held in the soil. This should be done in an airtight oven, for 24 hrs at 120˚F.

Once the soil is dried to constant weight, the sieving can begin. The sieves come with different size screens and they should be chosen according to the particles that are to be isolated.

There should be one sieve on top with larger holes to accommodate for gravel that is in the soil. Gravel includes any particle larger than 2mm and will be considered as "sand". [1]
[[File:sievestack.jpeg|right|thumb|caption|Stacked Sieve: largest screen size at the top, smallest screen sieve at the bottom]]

Course sand particles range from 1.0 - 2.0 mm while very fine sand particles range from 0.05 - 0.10mm.[1] Choosing two or more sieves within that range might be helpful to account for larger or smaller sand particles; for instance, include a sieve at 2.0mm and one at 0.05mm.
Silt particles ranges from 0.05mm - 0.002 mm [1], therefore a sieve with a corresponding screen hole size of 0.002 mm should suffice.

Lastly, clay particles are anything smaller than 0.002mm. [1] At the bottom of the stack of sieves should be placed a bottom container with a solid bottom to collect the clay particle that will sift past the 0.002mm sieve.

Once the sieves are set up, the soil sample that has been dried to a constant weight will be sifted through the sieves using a sieve shaker. After about 15-20 min of shaking the soil should be separated into gravel, sand, silt and clay. The proportions can then be calculated to determine how much of each particle is one soil sample. For instance, 26g sand/50g total soil = 52% sand.

Soil sieving is a purely mechanical process of determining soil particle size in a sample of soil. [2] A better method to accurately separating clay particles from the soil would be to a hydrometer.

===Hydrometer===

Because [[clay]] particles are made up of either three or four charged ions, they tend to cling to one another [3], this being called flocculation[4]. This can sometimes pose a problem when trying to accurately determine the proportion of clay particles in a sample of soil. Measuring soil samples using a hydrometer will give an accurate reading of sand silt and clay particles.
[[File:hydrometer.jpg|right|thumb]]
To measure using a hydrometer, a solution of water mixed with sodium hexametaphosphate is prepared and poured into a 1000ml graudated cylinder. The soil sample (for example 50g soil) is then poured into the solution and shaken or stirred until evenly distributed. The hydrometer is then placed in the graduated cylinder, and a measurement is read off of it after 40 seconds. The hydrometer is then taken out and the solution of soil, water, and sodium hexmetaphosphate it stirred or shaken again. Another 40 second reading will be taken and then an average of the two readings will be calculated to determine the amount of sand (and gravel) in the sample. The solution, with the hydrometer in it still, will then sit for at least an hour, the reading on the hydrometer will show the amount of clay in the sample, and the remainder of the sample will be silt.

The proportion of clay is able to be determined due to the sodium hexametaphospahte, which acts as a defloccuant, meaning the clay particle ions will now repulse each other instead of clinging to one another. [4,5]

===References===
1. Whiting, David, et al. Estimating Soil Texture. 2003, Estimating Soil Texture, culter.colorado.edu/~kittel/SoilChar(&RibbonTest)_handout.pdf.

2. “Particle Size Analysis (for Soils/Sediments).” UCL Department of Geography, www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/resources/laboratory/laboratory-
methods/particle-size-analysis/particle-size-analysis-for-soils-sediments.

3. “1.8 Clay Mineral Structure.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C. Coleman et al., Academic Press, 2018.

4. Tozzi, Nilo. “Deflocculants: A Detailed Overview.” Deflocculants: A Detailed Overview, digitalfire.com/4sight/education/deflocculants_a_detailed_overview_324.html.

5. Andreola, Fernanda, et al. “The Role of Sodium Hexametaphosphate in the Dissolution Process of Kaolinite and Kaolin.” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Elsevier, 24 Sept. 2003, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955221903003662.

Soil Particle Size Analysis Methods

2019-04-23T18:49:38Z

Johnroet:

==Soil Particle Size Analysis Methods==

[[File:sieve.jpg|left|thumb|caption|US Standard Sieve]]

There are three basic classifications of soil particle size. They include [[clay]], [[silt]] and [[sand]], from smallest to largest, respectively. There are several different methods to determining how much clay, silt and sand is in a sample of soil, two include sieving, and another which uses a hydrometer. There is another method used in determining the amount of organic mater in soil, to do this one might use the [[Loss on Ignition test]], however the purpose of this article will be to focus on clay, silt and sand only.

===Sieving===

To begin, the soil sample needs to be dried to a constant weight, eliminating all the moisture held in the soil. This should be done in an airtight oven, for 24 hrs at 120˚F.

Once the soil is dried to constant weight, the sieving can begin. The sieves come with different size screens and they should be chosen according to the particles that are to be isolated.

There should be one sieve on top with larger holes to accommodate for gravel that is in the soil. Gravel includes any particle larger than 2mm and will be considered as "sand". [1]
[[File:sievestack.jpeg|right|thumb|caption|Stacked Sieve: largest screen size at the top, smallest screen sieve at the bottom]]

Course sand particles range from 1.0 - 2.0 mm while very fine sand particles range from 0.05 - 0.10mm.[1] Choosing two or more sieves within that range might be helpful to account for larger or smaller sand particles; for instance, include a sieve at 2.0mm and one at 0.05mm.
Silt particles ranges from 0.05mm - 0.002 mm [1], therefore a sieve with a corresponding screen hole size of 0.002 mm should suffice.

Lastly, clay particles are anything smaller than 0.002mm. [1] At the bottom of the stack of sieves should be placed a bottom container with a solid bottom to collect the clay particle that will sift past the 0.002mm sieve.

Once the sieves are set up, the soil sample that has been dried to a constant weight will be sifted through the sieves using a sieve shaker. After about 15-20 min of shaking the soil should be separated into gravel, sand, silt and clay. The proportions can then be calculated to determine how much of each particle is one soil sample. For instance, 26g sand/50g total soil = 52% sand.

Soil sieving is a purely mechanical process of determining soil particle size in a sample of soil. [2] A better method to accurately separating clay particles from the soil would be to a hydrometer.

===Hydrometer===

Because [[clay]] particles are made up of either three or four charged ions, they tend to cling to one another [3], this being called flocculation[4]. This can sometimes pose a problem when trying to accurately determine the proportion of clay particles in a sample of soil. Measuring soil samples using a hydrometer will give an accurate reading of sand silt and clay particles.
[[File:hydrometer.jpg|right|thumb]]
To measure using a hydrometer, a solution of water mixed with sodium hexametaphosphate is prepared and poured into a 1000ml graudated cylinder. The soil sample (for example 50g soil) is then poured into the solution and shaken or stirred until evenly distributed. The hydrometer is then placed in the graduated cylinder, and a measurement is read off of it after 40 seconds. The hydrometer is then taken out and the solution of soil, water, and sodium hexmetaphosphate it stirred or shaken again. Another 40 second reading will be taken and then an average of the two readings will be calculated to determine the amount of sand (and gravel) in the sample. The solution, with the hydrometer in it still, will then sit for at least an hour, the reading on the hydrometer will show the amount of clay in the sample, and the remainder of the sample will be silt.

The proportion of clay is able to be determined due to the sodium hexametaphospahte, which acts as a defloccuant, meaning the clay particle ions will now repulse each other instead of clinging to one another. [4,5]

===References===
1. Whiting, David, et al. Estimating Soil Texture. 2003, Estimating Soil Texture, culter.colorado.edu/~kittel/SoilChar(&RibbonTest)_handout.pdf.

2. “Particle Size Analysis (for Soils/Sediments).” UCL Department of Geography, www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/resources/laboratory/laboratory-
methods/particle-size-analysis/particle-size-analysis-for-soils-sediments.

3. “1.8 Clay Mineral Structure.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C. Coleman et al., Academic Press, 2018.

4. Tozzi, Nilo. “Deflocculants: A Detailed Overview.” Deflocculants: A Detailed Overview, digitalfire.com/4sight/education/deflocculants_a_detailed_overview_324.html.

5. Andreola, Fernanda, et al. “The Role of Sodium Hexametaphosphate in the Dissolution Process of Kaolinite and Kaolin.” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Elsevier, 24 Sept. 2003, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955221903003662.

Chilopoda

2019-04-19T19:08:18Z

Johnroet: minor grmmar and flow edits, changed poison to venom when referencing centipede claws, changed 'these insects' to 'they' because of not being insect. removed a redundant redundancy as to damp living space, moved citation across period

=='''Classification'''==
[[File:chilopoda.png|left|150px|Diagram of ''Chilopoda'' [5]|thumb]]

Kingdom: ''Animalia''

Phylum: ''Arthropoda''

Subphylum: ''Myriapoda''

Class: ''Chilopoda''

=='''Overview'''==
Centipedes get their name from the latin prefixes “centi”, meaning one hundred, and “pedis”, or footed. Approximately 3000 species of Chilopoda, commonly known as centipedes, have been described [1]. The oldest know example in the fossil record is about 418 million years old. Their most distinctive characteristic is the highly modified first pair of legs that form venomous claws. Each body segment has one set of legs. Centipedes are abundant throughout all the major [[biomes]] and can even be found in arctic tundra. They are most common in the leaf litter and beneath logs.

=='''Reproduction and Growth'''==
[[File:eggs.jpg|right|200px|A female centipede guarding her eggs [6]|thumb]]Centipedes generally engage in courtship during which the male spins a web from his genital gland located on his 15th body segment. A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophore spermatophore] is deposited and the male guides the female over the web. the female collects the spermatophore and transfers it to her genital opening. [1] Some species will hatch from eggs with all segment already grown, other will hatch with half of the total number of segments it will grow to have. The other segments will grow in upon sexual maturity. Some species of centipede have shown prolonged periods of parenting of their young. Between this and to the prolonged time it takes to reach sexual maturity, combined with the low number of eggs a female can produce, most centipedes are considered to be a K-selected species. [4]

=='''Importance In Soil'''==

[[File:thingy.jpg|right|200px|A member of the ''Scolopendromorpha'' order of centipedes found in Texas. [4]|thumb]]Centipedes are almost exclusively carnivorous, paralyzing other [[arthropods]] with neurotoxins secreted from the large poison claws. [1] Large insects of the order Scolopendromorpha are known to attack and feed on small animals like bats, snakes, frogs, and even birds. [3] Most centipedes are generalists, eating whatever crosses their path. They prefer smaller, soft-bodied prey that their claws can easily bite into. Earthworms and colembola may make up a large part of their diet, as centipedes can burrow underground in search of prey. Cuticualr waxes afford modest protection against desiccation [1] so centipedes are mostly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality nocturnal], but some may still be active during the day. They prefer dark humid areas like the underside of rocks, logs, and leaf litter[2]. Besides eating a host of small soil fauna, centipedes play a role in directing energy up the food chain, acting as a food source for other larger animals like birds, snakes, mice, and other insectivorous animals.

==References==
[1] Wright, J. C. 2012. Myriapoda (Including Centipedes and Millipedes). eLS.

[2] “Centipedes and Pseudoscorpions.” Entomology, [https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef647 entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef647.]

[3] “Class Chilopoda - Centipedes.” Class Chilopoda - Centipedes - BugGuide.Net, [https://bugguide.net/node/view/20. bugguide.net/node/view/20.]

[4] Albert, A. M. (1979). "Chilopoda as part of the
predatory macroarthropod fauna in forests: abundance, life-cycle, biomass, and metabolism". In Camatini, Marina. Myriapod biology. Academic Press. pp. 215–231.

[5] Palermo, Elizabeth. “Giant Redheaded Centipede Photo Goes Viral, Horrifies the Internet.” LiveScience, Purch, 10 July 2015, [https://www.livescience.com/51518-giant-redheaded-centipede-photo.html www.livescience.com/51518-giant-redheaded-centipede-photo.html.]

[6] “Structure of Centipedes (Scolopendra) | Zoology.” Biology Discussion, 13 Oct. 2016, [http://www.biologydiscussion.com/structures/structure-of-centipedes-scolopendra-zoology/60601 www.biologydiscussion.com/structures/structure-of-centipedes-scolopendra-zoology/60601.]

[7] Female Centipede Guarding Her Eggs, [http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/spiders/Spring06/Spring06-Pages/Image18.html www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/spiders/Spring06/Spring06-Pages/Image18.html.]

ROCKD

2019-04-19T18:58:58Z

Johnroet:

=='''Overview'''==
ROCKD[https://rockd.org/] is a website that is also available as an app on the App Store as well as the Google Play store. It is funded by NSF[http://nsf.gov/] and UW Geoscience[http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/], and produced by UW Macrostat Lab[https://macrostrat.org/].

[[File:Main.png|right|200px|Pictures of the app in use.[1]|thumb]]

=='''Features and Usage'''==
ROCKD features a host of services for Geologists and those curious about the [[bedrock]] or other features in your area and around the world. The main feature being a global map of bedrock layers and strike/slip faults. Any area on the map can be clicked on to open a window that lists the coordinates involved, the name, age, and type of rock or strike/slip fault, and a reference link to their data source. It additionally allows for users to add their own observations on rock formations, to tag and save features, to measure and record strike/slip fault data, and a searchable database. The app can be used without an account, but not edited.

This app can be useful in the study of [[Pedogenesis]], as it effectively shows you all the information there is on the parent material that the rest of the [[soil]] comes from.

=='''References'''==

[1]https://rockd.org/

[2]http://nsf.gov/

[3]http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/

[4]https://macrostrat.org/

Vasily Dokuchaev

2019-04-19T18:55:26Z

Johnroet: replaced a page-tagged mention of pedology for one on pedogenesis, because one has a page and the other does not. also fixed clorpt to denote that S is a function of clorpt, not equal to it by adding the f

== Early Life ==
Vasily Dokuchaev was born in 1846 in Milyukovo, Russia.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasily-Vasilyevich-Dokuchayev]. Upon beginning higher education at the Theology Seminary in St. Petersburg, he quickly found that his interests lay more in the hands-on nature of the natural sciences, rather than religion and theology. This lead him into the world of geology, in which he gained his doctorate.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.]

== Achievements ==

Often considered the father of modern pedology, Dokuchaev held many positions that allowed him to continue honing his craft. He became the Curator of St. Petersburg University's geology laboratory in 1872.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.]This position later led him to become a professor of geology at the university[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasily-Vasilyevich-Dokuchayev]. In addition to this position, he also took the time from 1892-1895 to reorganize and direct the Novo-Alexsandr Institute of Agriculture and Forestry [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasily-Vasilyevich-Dokuchayev]. These positions allowed him to get himself involved in the creation of courses, and interest, in the growing field of soil science in Russia.

Dokuchaev's crowning achievement may have been his direct work with soil, however. In 1876, the Free Economic Society chose Dokuchaev to conduct the first ever survey of Russian chernozem, or prairie soil. His instructions were simple: gather data that can be used to explain the soils structure, origin, and evolution. Upon doing his research, he realized that soil, just as organisms, is an incredibly complex and independent thing. He brought up the ideas that things such as maternal rock variety, land age, climate and vegetation can all work together in a way that can make soil types their own individual thing. Due to the different factors he acknowledged were a part of what makes soil that way it is, he is often considered to be a founding force behind [[Hans Jenny]]'s State Factor Model, which is sometimes referred to as the [[Jenny Equation]].[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.]

S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, ...)

The information and skills he learned during his time working with chernozem gave him valuable insight when taking on another important project in 1891. Due to severe drought that effected these prairie lands, he was commissioned by the Ministry of State Lands to work on a study that would give insight on proper land and water management for times like those happening[http://link.galegroup.com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/CX2830901198/WHIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=WHIC&xid=023ae026.]. . He studied three experimental plots within the area, using meteorological stations and rain-gauges to collect data. Using this data, Dokuchaev was able to conclude ways in which the surrounding landscape could be more effectively managed to allow for less stress when droughts or similar natural disasters were to occur. His findings led to forest re-cultivation, water management and regulations, and reservoir construction. [http://link.galegroup.com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/CX2830901198/WHIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=WHIC&xid=023ae026.]

== Impacts On Pedology ==

Western soil science, specifically in the United States, was coming along during the late 1800s-early 1900s. Despite its progress, there was an overwhelming recognition that the contributions of Russian soil scientists such as Dokuchaev would be of great importance to its continued growth. Due to the language barrier, the access to this information was stalled until the 1910's. It was with the publication and translation into first German in 1914, and then English in 1917, of ''Die Hypen der Bodenbildung'' by [[Konstantin Glinka]], a student of Dokuchaev's, that the western world finally gained access to Eastern ideas on [[pedogenesis]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents]. With the new influx of Russian pedology, the United States ecological community began incorporating different concepts from said work, with the earliest influenced work in publication being written by Charles Shaw.

Dokuchaev may also be created with the creation of a new way to classify soils. This new classification stemmed from his discovery of the way soil systems work independently. The factors that make up this are climate, bedrock, plant and animal life, land history and topography of the area. Look familiar? That's because these are the very same factors that Hans Jenny used to formulate the State Factor Model. Dokuchaev believed that way soil is classified should be based on its natural history[http://go.galegroup.com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=sunybuff_main&id=GALE|CX2830901198&v=2.1&it=r&sid=WHIC&asid=023ae026.].

== References ==
1. “Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchayev | Russian Ecologist.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed April 11, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasily-Vasilyevich-Dokuchayev.

2. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems on JSTOR.” Accessed April 13, 2019. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents. Pg. 538.

3. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems on JSTOR.” Pg. 538.

4. “Dokuchaev, Vasily Vasilievich.” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 4:143–46. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008. http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCX2830901198%2FWHIC%3Fu%3Dsunybuff_main%26sid%3DWHIC%26xid%3D023ae026.

5. “Dokuchaev, Vasily Vasilievich.” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 4:143–46. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008.

6. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems on JSTOR.”

7. “Dokuchaev, Vasily Vasilievich.” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 4:143–46. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008.

8. “Dokuchaev, Vasily Vasilievich.” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 4:143–46. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008.

9. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems on JSTOR.” Pg. 539.

10. “Dokuchaev, Vasily Vasilievich.” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 4:143–46. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008.

ROCKD

2019-04-19T18:46:59Z

Johnroet:

=='''Overview'''==
ROCKD[https://rockd.org/] is a website that is also available as an app on the App Store as well as the Google Play store. It is funded by NSF[http://nsf.gov/] and UW Geoscience[http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/], and produced by UW Macrostat Lab[https://macrostrat.org/].

[[File:Main.png|right|200px|Pictures of the app in use.[1]|thumb]]

=='''Features and Usage'''==
ROCKD features a host of services for Geologists and those curious about the [[bedrock]] and [[parent material]] or other features in your area and around the world. The main feature being a global map of bedrock layers and strike/slip faults. Any area on the map can be clicked on to open a window that lists the coordinates involved, the name, age, and type of rock or strike/slip fault, and a reference link to their data source. It additionally allows for users to add their own observations on rock formations, to tag and save features, to measure and record strike/slip fault data, and a searchable database. The app can be used without an account, but not edited.

=='''References'''==

[1]https://rockd.org/

[2]http://nsf.gov/

[3]http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/

[4]https://macrostrat.org/

ROCKD

2019-04-19T18:45:41Z

Johnroet:

=='''Overview'''==
ROCKD[https://rockd.org/] is a website that is also available as an app on the App Store as well as the Google Play store. It is funded by NSF[http://nsf.gov/] and UW Geoscience[http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/], and produced by UW Macrostat Lab[https://macrostrat.org/].

[[File:Main.png|right|200px|thumb]]

=='''Features and Usage'''==
ROCKD features a host of services for Geologists and those curious about the [[bedrock]] and [[parent material]] or other features in your area and around the world. The main feature being a global map of bedrock layers and strike/slip faults. Any area on the map can be clicked on to open a window that lists the coordinates involved, the name, age, and type of rock or strike/slip fault, and a reference link to their data source. It additionally allows for users to add their own observations on rock formations, to tag and save features, to measure and record strike/slip fault data, and a searchable database. The app can be used without an account, but not edited.

=='''References'''==

[1]https://rockd.org/

[2]http://nsf.gov/

[3]http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/

[4]https://macrostrat.org/

File:Main.png

2019-04-19T18:42:57Z

Johnroet: Images of app use from their website

Images of app use from their website

ROCKD

2019-04-19T18:31:18Z

Johnroet: Created page with "=='''Overview'''== ROCKD is a website that is also available as an app on the App Store as well as the Google Play store. It is funded by NSF and UW Geoscience, and produced b..."

=='''Overview'''==
ROCKD is a website that is also available as an app on the App Store as well as the Google Play store. It is funded by NSF and UW Geoscience, and produced by UW Macrostat Lab.