https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Jbass 2026-04-17T13:06:25Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=3145 2018-05-18T11:07:06Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Morphology'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[7]|left]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> [[File:scorp.jpg|350px|right|thumb|[7] Drawings of a pseudoscorpion and a scorpion from JH Comstock’s book. Note that the scale is different for each drawing.]]<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> [1] Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [2] Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> [3] Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> [4] Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> [5] Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [6] Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm<br /> <br /> [7] Comstock, J. H., &amp; Gertsch, W. J. (1980). The spider book: A manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class arachnida, found in America North of Mexico, with analytical keys for their classification and popular accounts of their habits. Ithaca: Comstock.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=3139 2018-05-18T00:39:20Z

<p>Jbass: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots|roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround, and protecting the plants from soil pathogens. Plant species richness is positively correlated with AMF richness, and higher AMF richness has been shown to increase general plant productivity. [10]<br /> Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis symbiosis] accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K<br /> <br /> [10] Klironomos, J. N., J. McCune, M. Hart, and J. Neville. (2000). The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecology Letters 3:137–141.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=3138 2018-05-18T00:38:48Z

<p>Jbass: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots|roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround, and protecting the plants from soil pathogens. Plant species richness is positively correlated with AMF richness, and higher AMF richness has been shown to increase general plant productivity. [10]<br /> Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis symbiosis] accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K<br /> <br /> [10]� Klironomos, J. N., J. McCune, M. Hart, and J. Neville. (2000). The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecology Letters 3:137–141.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=3137 2018-05-18T00:36:44Z

<p>Jbass: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots|roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround, and protecting the plants from soil pathogens. Plant species richness is positively correlated with AMF richness, and higher AMF richness has been shown to increase general plant productivity. [10]<br /> Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis symbiosis] accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.�<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=3136 2018-05-18T00:36:01Z

<p>Jbass: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots|roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround, and protecting the plants from soil pathogens. Plant species richness is positively correlated with AMF richness, and higher AMF richness has been shown to increase general plant productivity. [10]<br /> Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that t�hat the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis symbiosis] accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.�<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2849 2018-05-10T17:14:41Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description &amp; Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Morphology'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[7]|left]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> [[File:scorp.jpg|350px|right|thumb|[7] Drawings of a pseudoscorpion and a scorpion from JH Comstock’s book. Note that the scale is different for each drawing.]]<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> [1] Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [2] Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> [3] Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> [4] Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> [5] Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [6] Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm<br /> <br /> [7] Comstock, J. H., &amp; Gertsch, W. J. (1980). The spider book: A manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class arachnida, found in America North of Mexico, with analytical keys for their classification and popular accounts of their habits. Ithaca: Comstock.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2848 2018-05-10T17:13:52Z

<p>Jbass: /* Compared to Scorpions */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Morphology'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> [[File:scorp.jpg|350px|right|thumb|[7] Drawings of a pseudoscorpion and a scorpion from JH Comstock’s book. Note that the scale is different for each drawing.]]<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> [1] Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [2] Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> [3] Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> [4] Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> [5] Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [6] Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm<br /> <br /> [7] Comstock, J. H., &amp; Gertsch, W. J. (1980). The spider book: A manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class arachnida, found in America North of Mexico, with analytical keys for their classification and popular accounts of their habits. Ithaca: Comstock.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2847 2018-05-10T17:13:16Z

<p>Jbass: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Morphology'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> [[File:scorp.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Drawings of a pseudoscorpion and a scorpion from JH Comstock’s book. Note that the scale is different for each drawing.]]<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> [1] Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [2] Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> [3] Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> [4] Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> [5] Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> [6] Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm<br /> <br /> [7] Comstock, J. H., &amp; Gertsch, W. J. (1980). The spider book: A manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class arachnida, found in America North of Mexico, with analytical keys for their classification and popular accounts of their habits. Ithaca: Comstock.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2845 2018-05-10T17:10:58Z

<p>Jbass: /* Compared to Scorpions */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Morphology'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> [[File:scorp.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Drawings of a pseudoscorpion and a scorpion from JH Comstock’s book. Note that the scale is different for each drawing.]]<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 2. Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> 3. Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> 4. Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> 5. Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 6. Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Scorp.jpg&diff=2843 2018-05-10T17:08:53Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2842 2018-05-10T17:08:31Z

<p>Jbass: /* Compared to Scorpions */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Morphology'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> <br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 2. Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> 3. Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> 4. Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> 5. Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 6. Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2841 2018-05-10T17:07:55Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description &amp; Characteristics */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Morphology'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 2. Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> 3. Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> 4. Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> 5. Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 6. Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2730 2018-05-09T14:13:13Z

<p>Jbass: /* Biology */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Characteristics'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]] <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> ***beetle larvae <br /> ***flies <br /> ***ants<br /> ***[[mites]]<br /> ***[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 2. Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> 3. Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> 4. Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> 5. Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 6. Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2729 2018-05-09T14:11:07Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, [[mites]], scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Characteristics'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]] <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, [[leaf litter]], moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> **beetle larvae <br /> **flies <br /> **ants<br /> **[[mites]]<br /> **[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 2. Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> 3. Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> 4. Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> 5. Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 6. Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Biodiversity_interactions&diff=2728 2018-05-09T14:07:42Z

<p>Jbass: /* What is Soil Biodiversity? */</p> <hr /> <div>==&lt;u&gt;'''Soil Biodiversity Interactions'''&lt;/u&gt;==<br /> [[Soil]] is one of the most important natural resources for life on this planet and contributes to many ecological systems. Life within the soil is vast and vital, in fact, 25% of all the worlds species live within the soil. According to the center for Ecology and Hydrology, only 1% of these [[organisms]] have even been discovered. [10]<br /> <br /> ==='''What is Soil Biodiversity?'''===<br /> <br /> Soil biodiversity includes the living [[organisms]] and their interactions with each other, along with plants in the soil. Soil life varies with environment, from the other side of the world, the country, or even a tree. For example, a handful of soil from one spot on the forest floor may contain a very different selection of life from soil two feet away. This is because of variations in the availability of water or nutrients. [3] This immense variety serves as a cause for the many interactions, effects, and services that this ecosystem creates and contributes to. The benefits gained from this ecological environment affect not only the underground, but the surrounding terrestrial environment as well. <br /> Soil biodiversity is more extensive than any other environment on earth when all living forms are accounted for. The soil biota contains representations of all groups of [[microorganisms]], such as fungi, bacteria, algae, as well as the microfauna such as protozoa and nematodes. [12] <br /> [[File:soil_biodiversity.jpg|frame|[7]|right]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Classification'''=== <br /> <br /> When classifying soil organisms, using body size is the gold standard method. [12]<br /> <br /> *The different groups include:<br /> **micro- organismss: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus fungi]<br /> **micro-fauna: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa protozoa] and [[nematodes]] <br /> **meso-fauna: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acari acari], [[springtail|springtails]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchytraeidae enchytraeids] <br /> **macrofauna: [[insects]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm earthworms]. <br /> **The bacteria, fungi, and microbial biomass are defined as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritivore detritivores]. <br /> **Collembola are defined primarily as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungivore fungivores]<br /> **protozoa are defined as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterivore bacterivores].<br /> <br /> ==='''The Benefits'''=== <br /> <br /> Soil is a vital part of the environment in its entirety. Variability in substrate quality and soil habitat causes wide variation in soil microbial communities and functions of nutrient cycles. [5] The decomposition of organic material into inorganic molecules is one of the more important ecosystem services performed by soil organisms. [8] The diverse life in the soil processes waste organic matter in order to sustain terrestrial life. Biodiversity interactions within the soil also regulate the water cycle and the carbon flux, decontaminate the soil and air due to pollution, and essentially provide us with medicine. [2] <br /> <br /> ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle Carbon Flux]==== <br /> *Through photosynthesis, plants draw carbon out of the air to form carbon compounds. The plant then exudes what it doesn't need for growth through its roots to supply soil organisms, where the carbon is then rendered stable, giving soil its structure, [[wikipedia:soil fertility| fertility]], and water retention capabilities as well. [4] Besides plants, a range of microbial organisms including algae, cyanobacteria and some other forms of bacteria are also capable of photosynthesis. [12]<br /> *When plants and animals die, they are decomposed into the soil by the biota. The carbon then leaves their bodies and is sent back into the atmosphere. [4]<br /> *The continual decaying of plant material and greater species diversity in soil maximizes carbon storage and its cycling process. [4] [6]<br /> ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organic_matter Soil Organic Matter] &amp; [[Nutrient Cycling]]====<br /> *The decomposition of this matter is a naturally occurring biological process that is determined by soil organisms, the physical environment, and the quality of the organic matter. <br /> *The products released during decomposition of organic matter include: carbon dioxide, energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds. [6]<br /> *Soil organic matter is a food source for soil organisms and micro-organisms. <br /> **the waste material from these organisms is mineralized into the soil and is used by plants for nutrients. <br /> **By breaking down carbon and rebuilding new carbon (by feeding off the organic matter and excreting it back into the soil), soil biota plays the most important role in nutrient cycling processes and can provide nutrients through soil to harvest healthy plants. [6]<br /> <br /> ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle The Water Cycle]====<br /> *Soil water gets passed through [[plant roots]], leading up into the plant itself. From here, water is absorbed and retained in the ground, and the excess leaves the plant, evaporating in the form of water vapor by a process called transpiration. This is a key process by which the water is returned to the atmosphere as water vapor. [9]<br /> <br /> ====[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics Antibiotics]====<br /> *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin Penicillin], the first commercialized antibiotic, is made from fungus. Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline are all produced by soil bacteria. [11]<br /> <br /> [[File:ll.png|frame|[6]|center]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Soil Carbon and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change� Climate Change]'''===<br /> It is widely known and accepted by most, that the climate is warming due to increase outputs of CO2 and other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas greenhouse gases]. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen from approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) prior to 1850, to 381.2 ppm in 2006. [13] Approximately two-thirds of the total increase in atmospheric CO2 is a result of human living; the burning of fossil fuels. The remainder coming from SOC loss due to land use change, such as the clearing of forests and the cultivation of land for food production, depleting carbon from the soils. [14] &quot;The decomposition of SOM is due to the activity of the microbial decomposer community in the absence of continual rates of carbon input from the growth of forest vegetation, as well as increased soil temperatures that result from warming of the ground once the forest canopy has been removed.&quot; (Ontl &amp; Schlute; 2012) [9] The rising concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere may cause soil microbes to work faster in order to break down organic matter within the soil; in turn, potentially releasing even more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. [15] Although the amount of carbon in the ocean is larger than that in the soil, the rate of exchange is higher between the atmosphere and the soil than between the ocean and the atmosphere. Increasing soil organic carbon is a widely accepted goal that would help and benefit the ecological services provided by soil that is necessary for sustaining life.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.globalsoilbiodiversity.org/?q=node/418<br /> <br /> 2. The factory of life: Why soil biodiversity is so important. (2010). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publ. of the Europ. Union.<br /> <br /> 3. Dance, Amber (2008). <br /> What lies beneath (PDF). Nature. 455 (7214): 724–25. doi:10.1038/455724a. PMID 18843336.<br /> <br /> 4. Shwartz, J. D. (2014, March 4). <br /> Soil as Carbon Storehouse: New Weapon in Climate Fight? Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/soilascarbonsstorehousenewweaponinclimatefight<br /> <br /> 5. Fujii, K., Shibata, M., Kitajima, K., Ichie, T., Kitayama, K., &amp; Turner, B. L. (2017). Plant–soil interactions maintain biodiversity and functions of tropical forest ecosystems. Ecological Research,33(1), 149-160. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1511-y<br /> <br /> 6. Benites J., Bot, A. (2005). <br /> The Importance of Soil Organic Matter-Key to Drought-resistant soil and sustained food production. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.<br /> <br /> 7. European Commission - Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability. European Soil Portal. Retrieved December, 2014, from http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Library/Themes/Biodiversity/Index.html<br /> <br /> 8. Wall, D. H., &amp; Moore, J. C. (1999). <br /> Interactions Underground: Soil biodiversity, mutualism, and ecosystem processes. BioScience,49(2), 109-117.<br /> <br /> 9. Ontl, T. A. &amp; Schulte, L. A. (2012). <br /> Soil Carbon Storage. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):35<br /> <br /> 10. Burns, P. (2017, November 17). <br /> International Year of Soils 2015. Retrieved from https://www.ceh.ac.uk/international-year-soils-2015<br /> <br /> 11. Curr Biol. (2009 June 9);<br /> The Natural History of Antibiotics. National Institutes of Health,19(11): R437–R441. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.04.001.<br /> <br /> 12. Mandal, A., &amp; S., N. (2012). <br /> Impact of Climate Change On Soil Biodiversity-A Review. Indian Institute of Soil Science,33(4).<br /> <br /> 13. WMO: World Meteorological Organization, (2006)<br /> Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. Geneva, Switzerland-World Meterological Organization.<br /> <br /> 14. Lal, R. (2004) <br /> Soil carbon sequestration impact on global climate change and food security. Science 304, 1623-1627<br /> <br /> 15. Deketelaere, K., &amp; Peeters, M. (2016). <br /> Key Challenges of EU Climate Change Policy: Competences, Measures and Compliance. EU Climate Change Policy. doi:10.4337/9781847203090.00006</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Biodiversity_interactions&diff=2727 2018-05-09T14:06:06Z

<p>Jbass: /* Soil Biodiversity Interactions */</p> <hr /> <div>==&lt;u&gt;'''Soil Biodiversity Interactions'''&lt;/u&gt;==<br /> [[Soil]] is one of the most important natural resources for life on this planet and contributes to many ecological systems. Life within the soil is vast and vital, in fact, 25% of all the worlds species live within the soil. According to the center for Ecology and Hydrology, only 1% of these [[organisms]] have even been discovered. [10]<br /> <br /> ==='''What is Soil Biodiversity?'''===<br /> <br /> Soil biodiversity includes the living organisms and their interactions with each other, along with plants in the soil. Soil life varies with environment, from the other side of the world, the country, or even a tree. For example, a handful of soil from one spot on the forest floor may contain a very different selection of life from soil two feet away. This is because of variations in the availability of water or nutrients. [3] This immense variety serves as a cause for the many interactions, effects, and services that this ecosystem creates and contributes to. The benefits gained from this ecological environment affect not only the underground, but the surrounding terrestrial environment as well. <br /> Soil biodiversity is more extensive than any other environment on earth when all living forms are accounted for. The soil biota contains representations of all groups of microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria, algae, as well as the microfauna such as protozoa and nematodes. [12] <br /> [[File:soil_biodiversity.jpg|frame|[7]|right]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Classification'''=== <br /> <br /> When classifying soil organisms, using body size is the gold standard method. [12]<br /> <br /> *The different groups include:<br /> **micro- organismss: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus fungi]<br /> **micro-fauna: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa protozoa] and [[nematodes]] <br /> **meso-fauna: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acari acari], [[springtail|springtails]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchytraeidae enchytraeids] <br /> **macrofauna: [[insects]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm earthworms]. <br /> **The bacteria, fungi, and microbial biomass are defined as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritivore detritivores]. <br /> **Collembola are defined primarily as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungivore fungivores]<br /> **protozoa are defined as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterivore bacterivores].<br /> <br /> ==='''The Benefits'''=== <br /> <br /> Soil is a vital part of the environment in its entirety. Variability in substrate quality and soil habitat causes wide variation in soil microbial communities and functions of nutrient cycles. [5] The decomposition of organic material into inorganic molecules is one of the more important ecosystem services performed by soil organisms. [8] The diverse life in the soil processes waste organic matter in order to sustain terrestrial life. Biodiversity interactions within the soil also regulate the water cycle and the carbon flux, decontaminate the soil and air due to pollution, and essentially provide us with medicine. [2] <br /> <br /> ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle Carbon Flux]==== <br /> *Through photosynthesis, plants draw carbon out of the air to form carbon compounds. The plant then exudes what it doesn't need for growth through its roots to supply soil organisms, where the carbon is then rendered stable, giving soil its structure, [[wikipedia:soil fertility| fertility]], and water retention capabilities as well. [4] Besides plants, a range of microbial organisms including algae, cyanobacteria and some other forms of bacteria are also capable of photosynthesis. [12]<br /> *When plants and animals die, they are decomposed into the soil by the biota. The carbon then leaves their bodies and is sent back into the atmosphere. [4]<br /> *The continual decaying of plant material and greater species diversity in soil maximizes carbon storage and its cycling process. [4] [6]<br /> ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organic_matter Soil Organic Matter] &amp; [[Nutrient Cycling]]====<br /> *The decomposition of this matter is a naturally occurring biological process that is determined by soil organisms, the physical environment, and the quality of the organic matter. <br /> *The products released during decomposition of organic matter include: carbon dioxide, energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds. [6]<br /> *Soil organic matter is a food source for soil organisms and micro-organisms. <br /> **the waste material from these organisms is mineralized into the soil and is used by plants for nutrients. <br /> **By breaking down carbon and rebuilding new carbon (by feeding off the organic matter and excreting it back into the soil), soil biota plays the most important role in nutrient cycling processes and can provide nutrients through soil to harvest healthy plants. [6]<br /> <br /> ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle The Water Cycle]====<br /> *Soil water gets passed through [[plant roots]], leading up into the plant itself. From here, water is absorbed and retained in the ground, and the excess leaves the plant, evaporating in the form of water vapor by a process called transpiration. This is a key process by which the water is returned to the atmosphere as water vapor. [9]<br /> <br /> ====[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics Antibiotics]====<br /> *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin Penicillin], the first commercialized antibiotic, is made from fungus. Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline are all produced by soil bacteria. [11]<br /> <br /> [[File:ll.png|frame|[6]|center]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Soil Carbon and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change� Climate Change]'''===<br /> It is widely known and accepted by most, that the climate is warming due to increase outputs of CO2 and other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas greenhouse gases]. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen from approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) prior to 1850, to 381.2 ppm in 2006. [13] Approximately two-thirds of the total increase in atmospheric CO2 is a result of human living; the burning of fossil fuels. The remainder coming from SOC loss due to land use change, such as the clearing of forests and the cultivation of land for food production, depleting carbon from the soils. [14] &quot;The decomposition of SOM is due to the activity of the microbial decomposer community in the absence of continual rates of carbon input from the growth of forest vegetation, as well as increased soil temperatures that result from warming of the ground once the forest canopy has been removed.&quot; (Ontl &amp; Schlute; 2012) [9] The rising concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere may cause soil microbes to work faster in order to break down organic matter within the soil; in turn, potentially releasing even more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. [15] Although the amount of carbon in the ocean is larger than that in the soil, the rate of exchange is higher between the atmosphere and the soil than between the ocean and the atmosphere. Increasing soil organic carbon is a widely accepted goal that would help and benefit the ecological services provided by soil that is necessary for sustaining life.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.globalsoilbiodiversity.org/?q=node/418<br /> <br /> 2. The factory of life: Why soil biodiversity is so important. (2010). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publ. of the Europ. Union.<br /> <br /> 3. Dance, Amber (2008). <br /> What lies beneath (PDF). Nature. 455 (7214): 724–25. doi:10.1038/455724a. PMID 18843336.<br /> <br /> 4. Shwartz, J. D. (2014, March 4). <br /> Soil as Carbon Storehouse: New Weapon in Climate Fight? Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/soilascarbonsstorehousenewweaponinclimatefight<br /> <br /> 5. Fujii, K., Shibata, M., Kitajima, K., Ichie, T., Kitayama, K., &amp; Turner, B. L. (2017). Plant–soil interactions maintain biodiversity and functions of tropical forest ecosystems. Ecological Research,33(1), 149-160. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1511-y<br /> <br /> 6. Benites J., Bot, A. (2005). <br /> The Importance of Soil Organic Matter-Key to Drought-resistant soil and sustained food production. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.<br /> <br /> 7. European Commission - Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability. European Soil Portal. Retrieved December, 2014, from http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Library/Themes/Biodiversity/Index.html<br /> <br /> 8. Wall, D. H., &amp; Moore, J. C. (1999). <br /> Interactions Underground: Soil biodiversity, mutualism, and ecosystem processes. BioScience,49(2), 109-117.<br /> <br /> 9. Ontl, T. A. &amp; Schulte, L. A. (2012). <br /> Soil Carbon Storage. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):35<br /> <br /> 10. Burns, P. (2017, November 17). <br /> International Year of Soils 2015. Retrieved from https://www.ceh.ac.uk/international-year-soils-2015<br /> <br /> 11. Curr Biol. (2009 June 9);<br /> The Natural History of Antibiotics. National Institutes of Health,19(11): R437–R441. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.04.001.<br /> <br /> 12. Mandal, A., &amp; S., N. (2012). <br /> Impact of Climate Change On Soil Biodiversity-A Review. Indian Institute of Soil Science,33(4).<br /> <br /> 13. WMO: World Meteorological Organization, (2006)<br /> Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. Geneva, Switzerland-World Meterological Organization.<br /> <br /> 14. Lal, R. (2004) <br /> Soil carbon sequestration impact on global climate change and food security. Science 304, 1623-1627<br /> <br /> 15. Deketelaere, K., &amp; Peeters, M. (2016). <br /> Key Challenges of EU Climate Change Policy: Competences, Measures and Compliance. EU Climate Change Policy. doi:10.4337/9781847203090.00006</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2538 2018-05-09T06:47:15Z

<p>Jbass: /* List of Possible Topics: */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Springtail]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Hydraulic Actions of Water]] [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]'', [[Annelids]]<br /> [[Moss]], [[Pseudoscorpions]]<br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2537 2018-05-09T06:45:28Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb| Female Gymnobisium species-size reference.[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, mites, scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. Pseudoscorpions are similar to scorpions, but they lack the long ‘tail’ and stinger that are common to scorpions. [4] The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Characteristics'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour their semi-corrosive saliva over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. This mechanism helps them feed, but it is not harmful to humans or other pets. [4] <br /> ** When they move, they walk crab like. Interestingly, they can move as fast backwards as they can forwards.<br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.<br /> [[File:cool.jpg|thumb|[5]|left]] <br /> ==='''Biology'''===<br /> *Pseudoscorpions live in many habitats<br /> *They are often found in cracks, leaf litter, moss, under tree bark and beneath stones, in nests, and in buildings. [4]<br /> *They typically favor humidity, so if you found them in your home, it would likely be in the laundry room, bathroom, basement, or somewhere else that is damper.[4]<br /> *Feed on many types of smaller creatures, such as:<br /> **beetle larvae <br /> **flies <br /> **ants<br /> **[[mites]]<br /> **[[springtail|springtails]] <br /> *lifespan= generally 2-3 years.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==='''Reproduction'''===<br /> The males produce sperm, which is then packaged and planted for the female. Males of most families that have been studied just deposit a spermatophore without engaging or even in the presence of a female. The females find this and draw it in. Males of ''Serianus'' do deposit in front of the female, but there is no physical connection between the two. The members of the Cheliferoidea perform an elaborate mating dance, where males actively call to females, taking the female using his pedipalps. He then deposits a spermatophore and assists the female to move over the spermatophore, where she will draw it in. Later on, the eggs then mature internally. [5]<br /> <br /> ==='''Compared to Scorpions'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions, but, they lack the elongated metasoma (tail). [3] Also unlike scorpions, pseudoscorpions have no sting on the end of their flat and oval-shaped abdomens. [6] A big difference between the two is also size. Pseusoscorpions are so small, that they usually go unnoticed. Scorpions are recognizable when seen. One of the most important features for these creatures are their pedipalps, which both of these creatures have.<br /> <br /> ==='''References'''===<br /> 1. Jacobs, S., Sr. (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 2. Mosco, R., &amp; Wicks, M. (n.d.). Book Scorpion [Cartoon]. In Your Wild City.<br /> <br /> 3. Neethling, J. A. (n.d.). Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/<br /> <br /> 4. Hahn, J., &amp; Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions in homes. Retrieved from https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/pseudoscorpions/<br /> <br /> 5. Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions<br /> <br /> 6. Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Cool.jpg&diff=2528 2018-05-09T05:55:36Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2518 2018-05-09T05:43:02Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb|[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, mites, scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Characteristics'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour a corrosive liquid over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. <br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2517 2018-05-09T05:42:51Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb|[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida., related to ticks, mites, scorpions, and spiders. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. [1] There are over 3,300 known species, and 200 in north America. [4]�<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Characteristics'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour a corrosive liquid over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. <br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2513 2018-05-09T05:40:12Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description &amp; Characteristics */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb|[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Characteristics'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour a corrosive liquid over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. <br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather.</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2512 2018-05-09T05:39:23Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb|[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description &amp; Characteristics'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedipalps: Claw like. over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> ***Making up their pedipalps is an immobile hand and a finger. Separate moveable fingers are controlled by the adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually also located in the mobile finger. This venom is used during hunting. The pseudoscorpion uses this venom to immobilize and and capture their prey. While digesting, they pour a corrosive liquid over their prey to aid in a smooth digestion, then they eat the liquid remains. <br /> **They have a gland in their jaw that spins silk. This silk makes cocoons for mating, molting, or to keep warm in cold weather. �</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2489 2018-05-09T05:22:55Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb|[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers, strongly resembling those of a scorpion. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2484 2018-05-09T05:21:39Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[1]]] [[File:ya.png|400px|thumb|[3]]] <br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Ya.png&diff=2473 2018-05-09T05:16:19Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2469 2018-05-09T05:13:22Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[1]]]<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|right|thumb|[2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2467 2018-05-09T05:11:56Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have eight legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|r�ight|thumb|[2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2465 2018-05-09T05:11:14Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|r�ight|thumb|[2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> **Color: yellowish to a brown</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2463 2018-05-09T05:10:29Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|r�ight|thumb|[2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> ***Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]<br /> **Color: mahogany</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2461 2018-05-09T05:06:38Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|r�ight|thumb|[2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2457 2018-05-09T05:03:44Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|right]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: flat teardrop or pear like shaped body <br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible. These segments are protected by plates made of chitin. <br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2438 2018-05-09T04:52:24Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|right]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2437 2018-05-09T04:51:50Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> [[File:fni.jpg|600px|right]]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[1]]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Fni.jpg&diff=2433 2018-05-09T04:50:05Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2431 2018-05-09T04:48:07Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[1]]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2430 2018-05-09T04:47:54Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] Because of their small size, they often go unnoticed, despite the fact that they live in many different environments. �Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[1]]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2429 2018-05-09T04:45:17Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. Pseudoscorpions are not harmful. In fact, they eat many small arthropods, helping with pest control. <br /> There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[1]]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2420 2018-05-09T04:42:01Z

<p>Jbass: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. [1]<br /> <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[1]]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2418 2018-05-09T04:41:06Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[1]]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2415 2018-05-09T04:39:45Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|right|300px]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2410 2018-05-09T04:37:33Z

<p>Jbass: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> [[File:fakeboys.jpg|300px|right]]<br /> *A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> **Shape: teardrop like<br /> **Color: mahogany<br /> **Body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> **Pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Fakeboys.jpg&diff=2405 2018-05-09T04:34:21Z

<p>Jbass: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pseudoscorpions&diff=2404 2018-05-09T04:33:52Z

<p>Jbass: Created page with &quot;===&#039;&#039;&#039;Overview&#039;&#039;&#039;=== Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. The size of these animals...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>==='''Overview'''===<br /> Pseudoscorpions are an order of the class belonging to arachnida. Thus, pseudoscorpions are joint-legged and are invertebrates. The size of these animals are very small, about 2-8 millimeters in length. [1] They have four legs and also have relatively large pedipalps, compared to their overall size. Pedipalps are almost like claws, or pinchers. There are more than 200 described species; mostly living in the tropics, occupying, bark, nests, and leaf litter. <br /> ==='''Description'''=== <br /> <br /> A common house pseudoscorpion is usually between three and four millimeters. <br /> shape: teardrop like<br /> color: mahogany<br /> body: 12- segment abdomen, which only 10 are visible<br /> pedilaps: over twice the length of their legs. If they were completely extended, they would measure about seven to nine millimeters across. [1]</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2383 2018-05-09T04:11:58Z

<p>Jbass: /* AMF in Agricultural Practices: */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots|roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround. Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis symbiosis] accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.�<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2382 2018-05-09T04:09:39Z

<p>Jbass: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots|roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround. Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF symbiosis accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.�<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2381 2018-05-09T04:09:19Z

<p>Jbass: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots �|roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround. Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF symbiosis accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.�<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2379 2018-05-09T04:08:25Z

<p>Jbass: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse [[organisms]] on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the [[Glomeromycota]] phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the [[plant roots roots]] of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround. Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF symbiosis accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.�<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2378 2018-05-09T04:06:56Z

<p>Jbass: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse organisms on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the Glomeromycota phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround. Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF symbiosis accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] Lone, R., Shuab, R., Khan, S., K, J., &amp; Koul, K. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Link, 553-577.�<br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2375 2018-05-09T04:01:31Z

<p>Jbass: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> === '''Introduction''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> Among the most profuse organisms on this planet, exist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Most of these fungi lie within the Glomeromycota phylum, and form mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of as much as 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi thrive in almost every region and area of the earth, influencing nutrient uptake for the plants that they surround. Analysis of the molecular structure, along with studies and reports of fossilized fungal material, lead scientists to believe that the AMF derived with the first terrestrial plants. Because of this, it is thought that that the symbiotic relationship between the mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have been necessary for the adjustment of plants to the above ground environment from the [[wikipedia:Ordovician|Ordovician]] era. [5] <br /> <br /> [[File:gi.jpg|right]]<br /> <br /> === '''How do AMF and plant roots link?''' ===<br /> <br /> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi subsist essentially as microscopic filaments called hyphae. The mycorrhizal fungal spore germinates asexually in the soil and makes their approach to the nearby roots; which get populated by the fungi, thus establishing mycorrhiza. When the fungi infiltrate the root, it creates an internal system of fungal structures within the root cells. Hyphae advance outside of the root, establishing a largely extensive network of fine fibers. This will pull in additional nutrients and water for the plant. These hyphae are articulated in a web like structure called mycelium. The mycelium is packed tightly around the roots and can extend outward toward other plants, to connect to their mycorrhizae as well. This new network can connect plants of different species from across the field/forest/jungle/garden etc.<br /> <br /> === '''The Symbiotic Relationship''' === <br /> <br /> <br /> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are shown to demonstrate and enhance community make-up, plant strength, diversity, and ecosystem performance. Nevertheless, plant systems have been recognized to affect the variety and composition of AMF as well. [7] AMF can transfer water to the plant, increase resistance to root pathogens and toxic metals, and get inadequately soluble nutrients (such as phosphorous, copper, and zinc) from the soil to the plant. In turn, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. AMF are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle. [4] Conditions that severely limit agricultural growth in some parts of the world, such as low water availability, are aided by this mutualistic symbiotic relationship, and is most likely necessary for optimal growth. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:agronomy.png|left|420px|frame|“Positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The hyphal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the depletion zone (grey), <br /> accessing a greater area of soil for phosphate uptake. A mycorrhizal-phosphate depletion zone will also eventually form around AM hyphae (purple). <br /> Other nutrients that have enhanced assimilation in AM-roots include nitrogen (ammonium) and zinc. Benefits from colonization include tolerances to <br /> many abiotic and biotic stresses through induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).” (Jacott, Murray, Ridout; 2017) [2]]]<br /> <br /> ==='''AMF in Agricultural Practices:'''=== <br /> <br /> AMF symbiosis accustoms plants for better survival and enhanced growth, thereby supporting sustainable growth and development of plants. [8] Since plants containing AMF are naturally stronger and healthier, competition within the diverse soil is inevitable. This helps plants with AMF be able to face environmental stress easier and more effectively. Fungal mutualists offer a biologically sound and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides for managing both plant quality and quantity in agriculture. AMF are now seen as the cutting edge of sustainable agriculture. Thus, there is a necessity to speed up their integration in agricultural production systems. [8] &quot;This is leading to the development of novel approaches in crop breeding and agricultural practices, encouraging the formation of mycorrhizal associations and utilisation of previously plant-inaccessible phosphorus pools.&quot; (Field; 2017) [9]<br /> <br /> === '''References''' ===<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). <br /> Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [2] Jacott, C., Murray, J., &amp; Ridout, C. (2017). <br /> Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. Agronomy,7(4), 75. doi:10.3390/agronomy7040075<br /> <br /> [3] Kosuta, S. (2003). <br /> A Diffusible Factor from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Symbiosis-Specific MtENOD11 Expression in Roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology,131(3), 952-962. doi:10.1104/pp.011882<br /> <br /> [4] Paszkowski, U. (2006). <br /> A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytologist,172(1), 35-46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01840.x<br /> <br /> [5] Rosendahl, S. (2008). <br /> Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,178(2), 253-266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02378.x<br /> <br /> [6] Treseder, K. K., &amp; Cross, A. (2006). <br /> Global Distributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems,9(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0110-x<br /> <br /> [7] Velázquez, M. S., Cabello, M. N., &amp; Barrera, M. (2013).<br /> Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Mycologia,105(3), 509-520. doi:10.3852/11-353<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, &amp; Field, K., Dr. (2016). Plant-fungal symbioses and their applications in sustainable agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Field_K</div>

Jbass