https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DspannSoil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-14T22:04:51ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2969Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:32:07Z<p>Dspann: /* Hans Jenny */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents [[soil|soil]] formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is [[organisms|organisms]] in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, [[silt|silt]] or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller [[soil|soil]] particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the [[soil|soil]], through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients in the [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] system.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way [[soil|soils]] react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere. <br />
<br />
<br />
“(u). Soil Pedogenesis.” 7(v) Climate Classification and Climatic Regions of the World, www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation. <br />
<br />
<br />
“Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” The Age of Oxygen, forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
Revolvy, LLC. “‘Clorpt’ on Revolvy.com.” Trivia Quizzes, www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt. <br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2968Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:30:50Z<p>Dspann: /* Parent Material */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, [[silt|silt]] or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller [[soil|soil]] particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the [[soil|soil]], through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients in the [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] system.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way [[soil|soils]] react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere. <br />
<br />
<br />
“(u). Soil Pedogenesis.” 7(v) Climate Classification and Climatic Regions of the World, www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation. <br />
<br />
<br />
“Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” The Age of Oxygen, forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
Revolvy, LLC. “‘Clorpt’ on Revolvy.com.” Trivia Quizzes, www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt. <br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2966Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:29:59Z<p>Dspann: /* Time */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller [[soil|soil]] particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the [[soil|soil]], through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients in the [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] system.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way [[soil|soils]] react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere. <br />
<br />
<br />
“(u). Soil Pedogenesis.” 7(v) Climate Classification and Climatic Regions of the World, www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation. <br />
<br />
<br />
“Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” The Age of Oxygen, forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
Revolvy, LLC. “‘Clorpt’ on Revolvy.com.” Trivia Quizzes, www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt. <br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2964Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:29:34Z<p>Dspann: /* Additional Factors */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller [[soil|soil]] particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients in the [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] system.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way [[soil|soils]] react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere. <br />
<br />
<br />
“(u). Soil Pedogenesis.” 7(v) Climate Classification and Climatic Regions of the World, www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation. <br />
<br />
<br />
“Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” The Age of Oxygen, forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
Revolvy, LLC. “‘Clorpt’ on Revolvy.com.” Trivia Quizzes, www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt. <br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2963Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:28:56Z<p>Dspann: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller [[soil|soil]] particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients in the [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] system.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere. <br />
<br />
<br />
“(u). Soil Pedogenesis.” 7(v) Climate Classification and Climatic Regions of the World, www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation. <br />
<br />
<br />
“Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” The Age of Oxygen, forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html. <br />
<br />
<br />
Revolvy, LLC. “‘Clorpt’ on Revolvy.com.” Trivia Quizzes, www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt. <br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2961Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:22:11Z<p>Dspann: /* Time */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller [[soil|soil]] particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients in the [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] system.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2960Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:21:48Z<p>Dspann: /* Time */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller [[soil|soil]] particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients in the [[Nurtrient Cycling|Nurtient Cycling]] system.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2959Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:20:39Z<p>Dspann: /* Parent Material */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the [[soil|soil]] is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or [[clay|clay]] dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more [[organisms|organisms]] to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks that have broken down.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2956Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:19:18Z<p>Dspann: /* Topography */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion than plains are.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2953Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:18:30Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the [[soil|soil]] also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. [[Detritivores|Detritivores]] like, bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus material more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2951Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:16:00Z<p>Dspann: /* Climate */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the [[soil|soil]]. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers and [[insects|insects]] are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2949Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:11:59Z<p>Dspann: /* Uses of Jenny Equation */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of [[soil|soil]] based on several independent factors. These factors are from the [[pedogenesis|pedogenesis]] processes, which in this equation are climate, [[organisms|organisms]], topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2947Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:09:04Z<p>Dspann: /* Origins */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the [[properties|properties]] of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2943Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:06:31Z<p>Dspann: /* Origins */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Concepts|Founders of Soil Concepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2941Jenny Equation2018-05-11T00:05:45Z<p>Dspann: /* Origins */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny, one of the [[Founders of Soil Consepts|Founders of Soil Consepts]] to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2938Clay2018-05-11T00:03:20Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms That Live in Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down to form clay [[soil|soil]] but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water from the [[soil|soil]]. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a sticker [[soil|soil]].<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects|insects]] to micro-fauna like bacteria, [[nematodes|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms|organisms]] can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2937Clay2018-05-11T00:03:02Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms That Live in Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down to form clay [[soil|soil]] but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water from the [[soil|soil]]. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a sticker [[soil|soil]].<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects|insects]] to micro-fauna like bacteria, [[nematodes|nematodes]], and other microscopic [organisms|organisms]] can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2934Clay2018-05-11T00:01:41Z<p>Dspann: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down to form clay [[soil|soil]] but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water from the [[soil|soil]]. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a sticker [[soil|soil]].<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects|insects]] to micro-fauna like bacteria, [[nematodes|nematodes]], and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2932Clay2018-05-10T23:55:51Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms That Live in Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down to form clay [[soil|soil]] but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water from the [[soil|soil]]. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a sticker [[soil|soil]].<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects|insects]] to micro-fauna like bacteria, [[nematodes|nematodes]], and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2931Clay2018-05-10T23:52:37Z<p>Dspann: /* Sedimentary Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down to form clay [[soil|soil]] but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water from the [[soil|soil]]. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a sticker [[soil|soil]].<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and insects to micro-fauna like bacteria, nematodes, and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2930Clay2018-05-10T23:48:31Z<p>Dspann: /* Characteristics of Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down to form clay [[soil|soil]] but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water from the [[soil|soil]]. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will stick together better.<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and insects to micro-fauna like bacteria, nematodes, and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2928Clay2018-05-10T23:45:06Z<p>Dspann: /* Origins of Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down to form clay [[soil|soil]] but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will stick together better.<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and insects to micro-fauna like bacteria, nematodes, and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2924Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T23:35:12Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel so you can observe the root and organisms interact. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that grow off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow for different plants in different [[soil|soil]] types. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. From the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work. They can also observe [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] within forest ecosystems from within the soil. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.<br />
<br />
<br />
Mohamed, Awaz, et al. “An Evaluation of Inexpensive Methods for Root Image Acquisition When Using Rhizotrons.” Plant Methods, BioMed Central, 7 Mar. 2017, plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-017-0160-z.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2922Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T23:34:49Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel so you can observe the root and organisms interact. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that grow off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow for different plants in different [[soils|soils]]. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. From the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work. They can also observe [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] within forest ecosystems from within the soil. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.<br />
<br />
<br />
Mohamed, Awaz, et al. “An Evaluation of Inexpensive Methods for Root Image Acquisition When Using Rhizotrons.” Plant Methods, BioMed Central, 7 Mar. 2017, plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-017-0160-z.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2816Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T16:03:24Z<p>Dspann: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel so you can observe the root and organisms interact. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that grow off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow for different plants in different soils. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. From the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work. They can also observe [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] within forest ecosystems from within the soil. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.<br />
<br />
<br />
Mohamed, Awaz, et al. “An Evaluation of Inexpensive Methods for Root Image Acquisition When Using Rhizotrons.” Plant Methods, BioMed Central, 7 Mar. 2017, plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-017-0160-z.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2815Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T16:03:02Z<p>Dspann: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel so you can observe the root and organisms interact. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that grow off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow for different plants in different soils. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. From the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work. They can also observe [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] within forest ecosystems from within the soil. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-017-0160-z</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2814Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T16:00:58Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel so you can observe the root and organisms interact. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that grow off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow for different plants in different soils. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. From the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work. They can also observe [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] within forest ecosystems from within the soil. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2813Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:59:53Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel so you can observe the root and organisms interact. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that grow off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow for different plants in different soils. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. From the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work. They can also observe [[nutrient cycling|nutrient cycling]] within forest ecosystems. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2812Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:59:22Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel so you can observe the root and organisms interact. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that grow off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow for different plants in different soils. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. From the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work. They can also observe [[nitrogen cycling|nitrogen cycling]] within forest ecosystems. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2810Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:53:21Z<p>Dspann: /* Leaf Litter Pack */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of [[organisms|organisms]] you are looking to catch. The mesh has to be large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. This is where the most fertile soil is, and where the moisture content is highest. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the [[soil|soil]] and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs, worms, centipedes, mites, and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe the [[soil organisms|soil organisms]] closer under the microscope to allow you to properly identify them.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2808Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:43:26Z<p>Dspann: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.<br />
<br />
<br />
Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arthropoda/classification/.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2807Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:37:48Z<p>Dspann: /* Berlese/Tullgren Funnel */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods like, [[insects|insects]], [[myriapoda|myriapoda]], and crustaceans. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2805Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:35:16Z<p>Dspann: /* Berlese/Tullgren Funnel */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force [[organisms|organisms]] down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2803Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:32:45Z<p>Dspann: /* Baermann Funnel */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the [[small creaters|small creaters]] through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the [[organisms|organisms]] have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force organisms down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2802Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:29:55Z<p>Dspann: /* Soil Sampling Methods */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant roots|plant roots]] structure, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the small organisms through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the organisms have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force organisms down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2801Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:29:28Z<p>Dspann: /* Soil Sampling Methods */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the [[plant root|plant root]] structures, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the small organisms through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the organisms have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force organisms down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2800Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:28:15Z<p>Dspann: /* Soil Sampling Methods */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, what kind of [[organisms|organisms]] are living in the soil, the root structures of plants, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods of soil sampling, for different types of organisms you are trying to extract. As well as different methods for measuring vabiables you are trying to observe like decomposition.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the small organisms through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the organisms have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force organisms down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2799Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:25:48Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, the [[organisms|organisms]] living in the soil, the root structures, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods for different types of organisms you are trying to extract and vabiables you are trying to observe.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the small organisms through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the organisms have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force organisms down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2798Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:25:33Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, the [[organisms|organisms]] living in the soil, the root structures, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods for different types of organisms you are trying to extract and vabiables you are trying to observe.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the small organisms through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the organisms have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force organisms down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb left|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Sampling_Methods&diff=2797Soil Sampling Methods2018-05-10T15:25:19Z<p>Dspann: /* Rhizotron */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Soil Sampling Methods ==<br />
[[File:Baermann funnel.jpg|thumb|Baermann Funnel]]<br />
<br />
Soil Sampling gives us the best idea of what organisms and plant structures are in the [[soil|soil]]. We can measure things like, the [[organisms|organisms]] living in the soil, the root structures, leaf litter break down and decomposition. There are different methods for different types of organisms you are trying to extract and vabiables you are trying to observe.<br />
<br />
== Baermann Funnel ==<br />
<br />
In this method we take a funnel with a small mesh lining on the inside. There is a tube attached to the bottom of the funnel, which is clamped shut at the bottom. When the soil is placed in the funnel you fill up the funnel to the rim with water. This water pushes the small organisms through the filter into the bottom of the tube. Organisms like [[nematodes|nematodes]] will also swim down through the soil and water, through the mesh and into the bottom of the tube. After it sets for 24 to 48 hours, so all the organisms have time to filter down to the bottom. Then we open the clamp and allow the organism to drain into a petri dish. We can take the petri dish under a microscope and look for the [[microorganisms|microorganisms]] that were living in the soil. <br />
<br />
[[File:Berlese funnel.jpg|thumb|Berlese/Tullgren Funnel]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Berlese/Tullgren Funnel ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a technique that uses a strong light to force organisms down into the soil from the light which annoys the organisms and the heat put off by the light. The soil you are trying to sample is placed in a funnel filling it just about to the top. The funnel is lined with a mesh varying in size, but typically less than a quarter inch. At the bottom of the funnel a tube is attached which goes into a flask. The flask has an alcohol mixture containing ethanol which will kill the organisms that fall into it. The flask is covered by a bag so it is dark and cool which draws the organisms away from the light that is placed above the funnel. They will crawl down through the soil to escape this heat. They eventually go all the way through the soil and fall into the alcohol mix killing and preserving them. This method is used primarily for capturing and observing arthropods. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Leaf Litter Pack ==<br />
<br />
In a leaf litter pack you fill a mesh bag, usually a small 1/4 inch opening, with leaves and lettuce. The size in the mesh is varying depending on the size of organisms you are looking to catch. Large enough so they can crawl into the bag, and small enough so they do not fall out. When picking where you want to place the leaf pack you want to find a low spot on the ground, as this is where there is the most organisms living. You dig a small hole in the ground, place the bag in the hole and cover it up with the soil and surrounding leaves. Then, place a flag sticking out of the ground next to the bag so you can find it later. Let the leaf pack sit for a couple days to allow organisms to get into the bag before you remove it. Next, you dump the leaves out of the bag onto a plate and start looking for organisms like slugs worms and smaller organisms. You can put them on a petri dish and observe them closer under the microscope.<br />
<br />
[[File:Leaf litter pack.jpg|left thumb|Leaf litter pack ready to be burried]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Rhizotron ==<br />
[[File:Rhizotron.jpg|thumb left|Rhizotron under ground which allows you to see the root structures]]<br />
A rhizotron is a tunnel built under ground with windows placed all around the tunnel. The roots from the plants above will grow down eventually hit and grow past the Rhizotron. As a result, the roots grow up to the windows which allows us to see the way the roots grow. We can see the roots along with the root hairs that come off the roots. Using this method we can see how thick roots are, how deep they go and how wide spread the roots grow. Using a rhizotron is very useful in a forest for research as scientists can measure and observe the interactions that occur on and around the roots. from the roots holding down the tree or other plants, to the interactions with the micro organisms living next to the root hairs. Scientists can learn a lot for using a rhizotron in a way that they do not have to dig up all the roots to see how they look and work.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Bug Hunter, bughunter.tamu.edu/collection/collectionequipment/berlese-funnel/. <br />
<br />
<br />
“What Is a Rhizotron?” Effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Forest Ecosystems - Emerald Ash Borer - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service, www.nrs.fs.fed.us/research/facilities/rhizotron/.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Berlese Funnels - Collecting Methods - Mississippi Entomological Museum Home.” Camponotus(Tanaemyrmex) Castaneus (Latreille) , mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Berlesefunnel.htm#.WvLuxUxFzIV.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Proper Soil Sampling Techniques.” Volusia County, www.volusia.org/services/community-services/extension/agriculture/proper-soil-sampling-techniques.stml.<br />
<br />
<br />
“Leaf Pack Study (Department of Ecosystem Science and Management).” Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (Penn State University), ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/water/6-8/leafpack.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2708Jenny Equation2018-05-09T13:31:38Z<p>Dspann: /* Topography */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the [[soil|soil]]. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2705Jenny Equation2018-05-09T13:30:57Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[Nutrient Cycling|Nutrient Cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2704Jenny Equation2018-05-09T13:30:31Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in [[nutrient cycling|nutrient cycling]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2703Jenny Equation2018-05-09T13:29:29Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available, in the [[nutrient cycle|nutrient cycle]] for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2699Jenny Equation2018-05-09T13:27:26Z<p>Dspann: /* Uses of Jenny Equation */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical [[properties|properties]] of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2695Jenny Equation2018-05-09T13:26:13Z<p>Dspann: /* Origins */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[organisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical properties of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=2693Jenny Equation2018-05-09T13:25:56Z<p>Dspann: /* Origins */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
[[File:Jenny.png|thumb]]<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny to explain the [[soil|soil]] formation process. It was first internationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The Jenny Equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil such as fertility and mineral composition, as well as the [[orgamisms|organisms]] living within the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur around plant roots and the other organisms.<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hans Jenny.jpg|frame|A photograph of Hans Jenny]]<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. In 1936 he joined The University of California, Berkeley as a member of the faculty. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, "cl" is climate, "o" is organisms in the soil, "r" is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later.<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical properties of soil based on several independent factors. These factors are known as the pedogenic processes, which in this equation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time, and any other factors that may apply. The Jenny equation is used to help design soil maps, which demonstrate a soil's contents and helps determine what it is useful for.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb|Factors that go into the Jenny equation]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
[[File:Soi eroision 2.gif|thumb|Soil erosion due to weathering]]<br />
<br />
Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature, the quicker the reactions will happen within the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. Like with temperature, higher moisture levels increase the rates of chemical reactions. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. Decomposers are more efficient when the temperature and moisture levels are high. Rainfall also has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces.<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
Main article: [[Organisms]]<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals have a significant role. Plants roots help to break up the soil by creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals also attract bacteria and fungi, which allow them to help speed up the roots' ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and decompose detritus more easily. Dead organisms in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available for plant uptake after decomposition begins, which also enhances soil fertility.<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Soil horizons 3.png|thumb|[[Soil Horizons]]]]<br />
<br />
The next factor in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill, valley, flat plain, or other meaningful change in elevation. The topography of the land is a significant factor for the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of increased runoff, which limits the amount of infiltration by water into the soil. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher, as the water will drain into this area and accumulate, and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also affects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. Slopes are also more prone to soil erosion.<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, enhances the soil's water retention, and allows more organisms to be able to live within it. The parent material will also determine the mineral composition of the soil. For example, if a rock rich in phosphorous breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. If a soil is darker colored, it is from a volcanic eruption; these are metamorphic rocks. Lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks.<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation. The amount of time directly affects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, which allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also affects the amount of growth a plant will have and its interactivity with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients.<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factors that he could not think of or had not yet been discovered. However, nothing has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was originally written in 1941, as no new factors that influence the way soils react with their environments have yet been found.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf<br />
<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280237646_Predicting_soil_map_using_Jenny_equation<br />
<br />
http://forces.si.edu/soils/02_01_04.html<br />
<br />
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Clorpt</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2692Clay2018-05-09T13:25:05Z<p>Dspann: /* Sedimentary Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will stick together better.<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and insects to micro-fauna like bacteria, nematodes, and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2690Clay2018-05-09T13:24:35Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms That Live in Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. they will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will stick together better.<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and insects to micro-fauna like bacteria, nematodes, and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspannhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=2689Clay2018-05-09T13:23:15Z<p>Dspann: /* Organisms That Live in Clay */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Origins of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br />
Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include; continental which is weathering and erosion on Earth's surface, marine which occurs on the floor of a body of water, or even within the Earth when it is near a heat source. The heat source would be magma, and there would have to be water in the pores of the rocks and minerals under the crust of the Earth. When the situations are right the clay is formed by the breaking down of the minerals. Clay can include any minerals of the rocks that it breaks down but there has to be some minerals in it that are able to absorb water. In order for something to be a considered a clay it also has to be smaller than 0.002mm. There are 2 main types of clay residual and sedimentary clays. When clay is formed there is the chemical decomposition of feldspar.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics of Clay ==<br />
[[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br />
For something to be considered clay it has to met a few criteria. The grain size of a clay particle has to be 0.002mm or smaller, this means greater surface area, and that the clay particles will be tightly packed. Clay also has to have the ability to absorb water. Its particles will increase there size greatly when they absorb water, sometimes by nearly 100 percent. Clay has to be made of hydrous aluminum silicates, these are the chemicals that will be able to absorb water. There are other chemicals in clay but they can be made of whatever other material that is available and has also been broken down in erosion and weathering.<br />
<br />
== Residual Clay ==<br />
Residual clay is clay that has not been transported away from the parent rock. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is that it can have chemical deposition of rocks, like granite. Another is, solutions of rocks like limestone have impurities but can be deposited as clay. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily which, limits its uses.<br />
<br />
== Sedimentary Clay ==<br />
[[File:Macrofauna.jpg|thumb|right|MacroFauna]]<br />
Sedimentary clay are minerals that broke down from the original parent material, through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. they will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will stick together better.<br />
<br />
== Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br />
[[File:Microfauna.jpg|thumb|Microfauna]]<br />
<br />
Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting to the roots because the soil is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate this conditions are coniferous trees such as; pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees to name a few. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like; willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. From, macro-fauna like earthworms and insects to micro-fauna like bacteria, nematodes, and other microscopic organisms can live within clay soil. In order for most things to grow in clay soil you would need to till in peat moss into the soil. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil and help plants to be able to grow much better. <br />
[[File:Mesofauna.jpg|thumb|left|Mesofauna]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br />
<br />
Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>Dspann