https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Dgkorff 2026-04-14T22:56:41Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2757 2018-05-09T16:38:52Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Process of nutrient transport */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Symbiotic relationship with plant roots==<br /> In order to attract and form an EcM relationship, plants release metabolites, or small molecules, that encourage hyphae to grow in the direction of the plant root. [7] [[Flavonoids]] are one example of a metabolite exuded by plant roots. [8] Once the hyphae approach and penetrate the outer membrane of the root cap, the fungus can begin to infect the plant. Even though the plant has essentially invited the fungus to infect its roots, some natural defenses still exist and resist the invasion by default for up to 21 days, in some cases. [3]<br /> <br /> ===Relationship in action===<br /> Once the fungus has infected the plant roots and the epidermal cells, the mantle can form. Upon initial colonization, increased polypeptide synthesis has been observed. [9] Arguably the most important function of mycorrhizal fungi as a whole is its propensity to aid in the uptake of nitrogen. [10] Used in chlorophyll, enzymes, and amino acids within the plant, nitrogen is required for most vital bodily processes. Partnerships with mycorrhizal fungi allow for plants to have a leg up on competitors who do not have the privilege of fungi assistance to draw in more nutrients for use. <br /> <br /> ===Process of nutrient transport===<br /> Nutrients are absorbed from the surrounding soil and transported to the plant roots through the use of three components. The interfaces essentially describe the fairly obvious flow of nutrients.<br /> <br /> 1: Soil-fungus interface<br /> <br /> 2: Fungus-apoplast interface<br /> <br /> 3: Apoplast-root interface<br /> <br /> Once nutrients have reached the fungus-apoplast interface, the fungus keeps some of the acquired nutrients to maintain its own homeostasis. Up to 86% of the host's nitrogen requirements can be provided by the fungus, while keeping around 15% of the plant's net primary productivity. [11]<br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, ''Pinus contorta'' has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] ''Pinus contorta'' is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.<br /> <br /> [6] Dickie, Ian A.; et al. (2010). &quot;Co‐invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. New Phytologist. 187 (2): 475–484. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x. PMID 20456067.<br /> <br /> [7] Egerton-Warburton, L. M.; et al. (2003). &quot;Mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment.<br /> <br /> [8] Martin, Francis; et al. (2001). &quot;Developmental cross talking in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: signals and communication genes&quot;. New Phytologist. 151 (1): 145–154. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00169.x.<br /> <br /> [9] Hilbert, Jean-Louis; Costa, Guy; Martin, Francis (1991). &quot;Ectomycorrhizin synthesis and polypeptide changes during the early stage of eucalypt mycorrhiza development&quot; (PDF). Plant Physiology. 97 (3): 977–984. doi:10.1104/pp.97.3.977.<br /> <br /> [10] Chalot, Michel; Brun, Annick (1998). &quot;Physiology of organic nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas&quot;. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 22 (1): 21–44. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00359.x.<br /> <br /> [11] Peay, Kabir G.; et al. (2007). &quot;A strong species–area relationship for eukaryotic soil microbes: island size matters for ectomycorrhizal fungi&quot; (PDF). Ecology Letters. 10 (6): 470–480. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01035.x.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2756 2018-05-09T16:38:15Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Symbiotic relationship with plant roots==<br /> In order to attract and form an EcM relationship, plants release metabolites, or small molecules, that encourage hyphae to grow in the direction of the plant root. [7] [[Flavonoids]] are one example of a metabolite exuded by plant roots. [8] Once the hyphae approach and penetrate the outer membrane of the root cap, the fungus can begin to infect the plant. Even though the plant has essentially invited the fungus to infect its roots, some natural defenses still exist and resist the invasion by default for up to 21 days, in some cases. [3]<br /> <br /> ===Relationship in action===<br /> Once the fungus has infected the plant roots and the epidermal cells, the mantle can form. Upon initial colonization, increased polypeptide synthesis has been observed. [9] Arguably the most important function of mycorrhizal fungi as a whole is its propensity to aid in the uptake of nitrogen. [10] Used in chlorophyll, enzymes, and amino acids within the plant, nitrogen is required for most vital bodily processes. Partnerships with mycorrhizal fungi allow for plants to have a leg up on competitors who do not have the privilege of fungi assistance to draw in more nutrients for use. <br /> <br /> ===Process of nutrient transport===<br /> Nutrients are absorbed from the surrounding soil and transported to the plant roots through the use of three components. The interfaces essentially describe the fairly obvious flow of nutrients.<br /> 1- Soil-fungus interface<br /> 2- Fungus-apoplast interface<br /> 3- Apoplast-root interface<br /> Once nutrients have reached the fungus-apoplast interface, the fungus keeps some of the acquired nutrients to maintain its own homeostasis. Up to 86% of the host's nitrogen requirements can be provided by the fungus, while keeping around 15% of the plant's net primary productivity. [11]<br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, ''Pinus contorta'' has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] ''Pinus contorta'' is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.<br /> <br /> [6] Dickie, Ian A.; et al. (2010). &quot;Co‐invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. New Phytologist. 187 (2): 475–484. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x. PMID 20456067.<br /> <br /> [7] Egerton-Warburton, L. M.; et al. (2003). &quot;Mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment.<br /> <br /> [8] Martin, Francis; et al. (2001). &quot;Developmental cross talking in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: signals and communication genes&quot;. New Phytologist. 151 (1): 145–154. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00169.x.<br /> <br /> [9] Hilbert, Jean-Louis; Costa, Guy; Martin, Francis (1991). &quot;Ectomycorrhizin synthesis and polypeptide changes during the early stage of eucalypt mycorrhiza development&quot; (PDF). Plant Physiology. 97 (3): 977–984. doi:10.1104/pp.97.3.977.<br /> <br /> [10] Chalot, Michel; Brun, Annick (1998). &quot;Physiology of organic nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas&quot;. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 22 (1): 21–44. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00359.x.<br /> <br /> [11] Peay, Kabir G.; et al. (2007). &quot;A strong species–area relationship for eukaryotic soil microbes: island size matters for ectomycorrhizal fungi&quot; (PDF). Ecology Letters. 10 (6): 470–480. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01035.x.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2755 2018-05-09T16:07:11Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Symbiotic relationship with plant roots==<br /> In order to attract and form an EcM relationship, plants release metabolites, or small molecules, that encourage hyphae to grow in the direction of the plant root. [7] [[Flavonoids]] are one example of a metabolite exuded by plant roots. [8] Once the hyphae approach and penetrate the outer membrane of the root cap, the fungus can begin to infect the plant. Even though the plant has essentially invited the fungus to infect its roots, some natural defenses still exist and resist the invasion by default for up to 21 days, in some cases. [3]<br /> <br /> ===Relationship in action===<br /> Once the fungus has infected the plant roots and the epidermal cells, the mantle can form. Upon initial colonization, increased polypeptide synthesis has been observed. [9] <br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, ''Pinus contorta'' has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] ''Pinus contorta'' is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.<br /> <br /> [6] Dickie, Ian A.; et al. (2010). &quot;Co‐invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. New Phytologist. 187 (2): 475–484. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x. PMID 20456067.<br /> <br /> [7] Egerton-Warburton, L. M.; et al. (2003). &quot;Mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment.<br /> <br /> [8] Martin, Francis; et al. (2001). &quot;Developmental cross talking in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: signals and communication genes&quot;. New Phytologist. 151 (1): 145–154. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00169.x.<br /> <br /> [9] Hilbert, Jean-Louis; Costa, Guy; Martin, Francis (1991). &quot;Ectomycorrhizin synthesis and polypeptide changes during the early stage of eucalypt mycorrhiza development&quot; (PDF). Plant Physiology. 97 (3): 977–984. doi:10.1104/pp.97.3.977.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2754 2018-05-09T16:02:15Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Relationship in action */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Symbiotic relationship with plant roots==<br /> In order to attract and form an EcM relationship, plants release metabolites, or small molecules, that encourage hyphae to grow in the direction of the plant root. [7] [[Flavonoids]] are one example of a metabolite exuded by plant roots. [8] Once the hyphae approach and penetrate the outer membrane of the root cap, the fungus can begin to infect the plant.<br /> <br /> ===Relationship in action===<br /> Once the fungus has infected the plant roots and the epidermal cells, the mantle can form.<br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, ''Pinus contorta'' has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] ''Pinus contorta'' is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.<br /> <br /> [6] Dickie, Ian A.; et al. (2010). &quot;Co‐invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. New Phytologist. 187 (2): 475–484. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x. PMID 20456067.<br /> <br /> [7] Egerton-Warburton, L. M.; et al. (2003). &quot;Mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment.<br /> <br /> [8] Martin, Francis; et al. (2001). &quot;Developmental cross talking in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: signals and communication genes&quot;. New Phytologist. 151 (1): 145–154. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00169.x.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2753 2018-05-09T15:59:43Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Symbiotic relationship with plant roots==<br /> In order to attract and form an EcM relationship, plants release metabolites, or small molecules, that encourage hyphae to grow in the direction of the plant root. [7] [[Flavonoids]] are one example of a metabolite exuded by plant roots. [8] Once the hyphae approach and penetrate the outer membrane of the root cap, the fungus can begin to infect the plant.<br /> <br /> ===Relationship in action===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, ''Pinus contorta'' has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] ''Pinus contorta'' is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.<br /> <br /> [6] Dickie, Ian A.; et al. (2010). &quot;Co‐invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. New Phytologist. 187 (2): 475–484. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x. PMID 20456067.<br /> <br /> [7] Egerton-Warburton, L. M.; et al. (2003). &quot;Mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment.<br /> <br /> [8] Martin, Francis; et al. (2001). &quot;Developmental cross talking in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: signals and communication genes&quot;. New Phytologist. 151 (1): 145–154. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00169.x.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2749 2018-05-09T15:43:19Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Symbiotic relationship with plant roots==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, ''Pinus contorta'' has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] ''Pinus contorta'' is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.<br /> <br /> [6] Dickie, Ian A.; et al. (2010). &quot;Co‐invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. New Phytologist. 187 (2): 475–484. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x. PMID 20456067.<br /> <br /> [7] Egerton-Warburton, L. M.; et al. (2003). &quot;Mycorrhizal fungi&quot;. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2738 2018-05-09T15:21:48Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Role in spread of invasive species */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2458 2018-05-09T05:05:12Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==Role in spread of invasive species==<br /> Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. In some cases, such as eucalypt and pine trees, which are obligate EcM trees. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.<br /> <br /> [5] Díez, Jesús. &quot;Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula&quot; (PDF). Issues in Bioinvasion Science. 2005: 3–15. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3870-4_2.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2453 2018-05-09T04:59:09Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.<br /> <br /> [4] Carlile, M.J. &amp; Watkinson, S.C. (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press Ltd, London. pp 329 - 340.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2450 2018-05-09T04:58:34Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Structures */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around epidermal and cortical root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root.<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2447 2018-05-09T04:57:11Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root.<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2446 2018-05-09T04:56:46Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] EcM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root.<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2442 2018-05-09T04:54:26Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] <br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root.<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> A fine network of hyphae that extend outward from the encased root, filling the role of the suppressed root hairs. By spreading out into the surrounding soil, the hyphae can extract water and nutrients for transport back to the root.<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> The most recognizable part of an EcM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.<br /> <br /> [3] Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2426 2018-05-09T04:44:35Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] <br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> [[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from (textbook) Nature Education Bonfante]]<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root.<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Ecm_diagram.jpg&diff=2422 2018-05-09T04:42:13Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2421 2018-05-09T04:42:01Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] <br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> ===Mantle===<br /> A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> A network of hyphae strands that work around root cells, as they make their way through the cortex towards the middle of the root.<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.<br /> <br /> [2] Dighton, J. &quot;Mycorrhizae.&quot; Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2009): 153-162.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2400 2018-05-09T04:30:32Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] <br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> <br /> ===Hartig net===<br /> <br /> ===Mantle===<br /> <br /> ===Extraradical hyphae===<br /> <br /> ===Fruiting bodies===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2397 2018-05-09T04:28:49Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]<br /> Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Ecm_pic.jpg&diff=2396 2018-05-09T04:26:59Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=2390 2018-05-09T04:23:00Z

<p>Dgkorff: Created page with &quot;Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist s...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] Ectomycorrhizal<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Tedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). &quot;Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages&quot; (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2358 2018-05-09T03:45:24Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Soil Ecology WIKI from the University at Buffalo */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Springtail]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Hydraulic Actions of Water]] [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]'', [[Annelids]]<br /> [[Moss]]<br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil&diff=2324 2018-05-09T03:21:33Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth's crust and is comprised of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms. Soil forms the pedosphere which interacts with the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Formation of soil==<br /> Pedogenesis is the term for the formation of soil from parent material through a few different stages. These stages are best summarized through the use of the [[Jenny Equation]].<br /> <br /> ==Soil Functions==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Types and classification of soil==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Danoff-Burg, James A. &quot;The terrestrial influence: geology and soils&quot;. Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved 17 December 2017.<br /> <br /> [2] Chesworth, Ward (2008). Encyclopedia of soil science (PDF). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-1402039942.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, Hans (1941). Factors of soil formation: a system of quantitative pedology (PDF). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil&diff=2320 2018-05-09T03:20:45Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Formation of soil */</p> <hr /> <div>Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth's crust and is comprised of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms. Soil forms the pedosphere which interacts with the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Formation of soil==<br /> Pedogenesis is the term for the formation of soil from parent material through a few different stages. These stages are best summarized through the use of the Hans-Jenny Equation.<br /> <br /> ==Soil Functions==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Types and classification of soil==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Danoff-Burg, James A. &quot;The terrestrial influence: geology and soils&quot;. Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved 17 December 2017.<br /> <br /> [2] Chesworth, Ward (2008). Encyclopedia of soil science (PDF). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-1402039942.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil&diff=2315 2018-05-09T03:16:51Z

<p>Dgkorff: Created page with &quot;Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth&#039;s crust and is comprised of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms. Soil forms the pedosphere which interacts with th...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth's crust and is comprised of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms. Soil forms the pedosphere which interacts with the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Formation of soil==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Soil Functions==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Types and classification of soil==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Danoff-Burg, James A. &quot;The terrestrial influence: geology and soils&quot;. Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved 17 December 2017.<br /> <br /> [2] Chesworth, Ward (2008). Encyclopedia of soil science (PDF). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-1402039942.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=2289 2018-05-09T02:58:36Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>''Emiliania huxleyi'' is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. [1] Emiliania huxleyi is the most common coccolithophore. [4] Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, ''Emiliania huxleyi'', (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') plays an important role in all ecosystems in which it is found. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Scientific interest in ''Ehux''==<br /> [[File:Sattelite pic 1.jpg|frame|An E. huxleyi bloom viewed from space. Photo courtesy of NASA.]]<br /> ''Emiliania huxleyi'' is tremendously successful at converting inorganic carbon into products used in photosynthesis and biomineralization. [2] ''E. huxleyi'', like many other phytoplankton, is very important to the ecosystems it inhabits. Blooms of Ehux can be seen as large turquoise patches in the water through satellite imagery, covering hundreds of thousands of square meters of ocean. [2] A study of E. huxleyi populations in 2014 discovered a poleward migration path by the phytoplankton. [1] This indicates that, over time, conditions near the poles have become more favorable for Ehux survival. <br /> <br /> Some possible explanations for the migration pattern could be decreasing pH near the equator due to ocean acidification and generally rising oceanwater temperature. [3] This migration will have effects on both the ecosystems they leave behind and the new ecosystems they settle into at the more northern/southern latitude destination.<br /> <br /> ==Role in cloud formation==<br /> <br /> ==Gaia Hypothesis==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Winter, Amos, et al. “Poleward Expansion of the Coccolithophore Emiliania Huxleyi.” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 36, no. 2, 2013, pp. 316–325., doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt110.<br /> <br /> [2] Read, Betsy A., et al. “Pan Genome of the Phytoplankton Emiliania Underpins Its Global Distribution.” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7457, Dec. 2013, pp. 209–213., doi:10.1038/nature12221.<br /> <br /> [3] Gerald Langer, G. Nehrke, Ian Probert, J. Ly, P. Ziveri. Strain-specific responses of Emiliania huxleyi to changing seawater carbonate chemistry . Biogeosciences, European Geosciences Union, 2009, 6 (11), pp.2637-2646. &lt;10.5194/bg-6-2637-2009&gt;. &lt;hal-01258266&gt;<br /> <br /> [4] Hay, W.W.; Mohler, H.P.; Roth, P.H.; Schmidt, R.R.; Boudreaux, J.E. (1967), &quot;Calcareous nannoplankton zonation of the Cenozoic of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean-Antillean area, and transoceanic correlation&quot;, Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 17: 428–480.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=2272 2018-05-09T02:27:18Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Scientific interest in Ehux */</p> <hr /> <div>''Emiliania huxleyi'' is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. [1] Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, ''Emiliania huxleyi'', (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') plays an important role in all ecosystems in which it is found. <br /> <br /> ==Scientific interest in ''Ehux''==<br /> [[File:Sattelite pic 1.jpg|frame|An E. huxleyi bloom viewed from space. Photo courtesy of NASA.]]<br /> ''Emiliania huxleyi'' is tremendously successful at converting inorganic carbon into products used in photosynthesis and biomineralization. [2] ''E. huxleyi'', like many other phytoplankton, is very important to the ecosystems it inhabits. Blooms of Ehux can be seen as large turquoise patches in the water through satellite imagery, covering hundreds of thousands of square meters of ocean. [2] A study of E. huxleyi populations in 2014 discovered a poleward migration path by the phytoplankton. [1] This indicates that, over time, conditions near the poles have become more favorable for E. huxleyi survival. This migration will have effects on both the ecosystems they leave behind and the new ecosystems they settle into at the more northern/southern latitude destination.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Winter, Amos, et al. “Poleward Expansion of the Coccolithophore Emiliania Huxleyi.” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 36, no. 2, 2013, pp. 316–325., doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt110.<br /> <br /> [2] Read, Betsy A., et al. “Pan Genome of the Phytoplankton Emiliania Underpins Its Global Distribution.” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7457, Dec. 2013, pp. 209–213., doi:10.1038/nature12221.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Loam&diff=2051 2018-05-07T16:02:22Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Field Identification */</p> <hr /> <div>Loam is a type of [[soil]] comprised of varying proportions of sand, silt, and [[clay]]. Loam was given the Latin name ''pinguis humus'' by the Roman poet Virgil. [2]<br /> <br /> ==Physical Properties==<br /> [[File:Soil texture triangle.png|thumb|Photo courtesy of USDA Horticulture and soil science wiki]]<br /> As seen in the figure to the right, the three types of soil can be combined in different amounts to form varying types of loam. The particle sizes range from large to small starting with sand, which is defined as having a particle size greater than 63 µm, silt, with a particle size greater than 2 µm but less than 63 µm, and clay, with particle sizes smaller than 2 µm. [1] Loamy soil is the soil type most likely to contain an ample amount of [[humus]], or dead organic matter from plants and animals, that fosters plant growth.<br /> <br /> ==Life within the soil==<br /> Some of the inhabitants of loamy soil include the water-dependent protozoa and [[Nematodes]]. They usually prefer soil with a greater proportion of silt than sand due to the former's superior water retention. [2] Acari, also known as [[mites]], can tolerate more desiccation than other microorganisms, so they do not need as much exposure to water and can live in a larger range of soil types.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Fertility of loamy soil==<br /> Loam is the best-suited soil type for growing most plants due to its propensity for holding enough water and nutrients to satisfy their needs. [3] Clay dominant soils, although rich in nutrients, have poor drainage due to the small pore size and is not ideal for roots to grow in due to its hard packed texture, which roots often have difficulty penetrating. Sandy soils do not hold water well, and silt does not hold nutrients well. By offering a mixture of these particles, they accentuate the benefits and balance out the detriments of each particle size, forming fertile loam, the ideal soil type for many plant types. The ideal loamy soil patch is, by mass, 40-60% pore space containing air and water. [5]<br /> <br /> Specifically, loamy soil is the preferred growing environment for plants such as strawberries, corn, sunflowers, beets, kale, lettuce, mint, sweet potatoes, peas, tomatoes, and turnips, among others. [4]<br /> <br /> ==Field Classification==<br /> Due to its mixture of sand, silt, and clay, a loam soil will have unique characteristics to look for. For the Soil Texture Triangle figure above, if one can determine the soil's percent by weight of any of the two soil characteristics, the subtracting the two known values from 100% will yield the percentage of the unknown value. When using the figure, one typically starts by following the sand value, first, but because as long as at least two values are known, this is not mandatory. [6]<br /> <br /> ==Field Identification==<br /> In the absence of proper laboratory sampling and measuring equipment, a few different rudimentary tests can be performed manually to determine, roughly, the type of soil that makes up the patch of ground in question.<br /> ===Feel Test===<br /> Involves rubbing a moist sample of the soil between fingers<br /> *Sand- feels gritty<br /> *Silt- feels smooth<br /> *Clay- feels sticky<br /> ===Ball Squeeze Test===<br /> Involves squeezing a ball of moistened soil in the hand<br /> *Sand or sandy loam- break with only slight pressure, coarse textures<br /> *Sandy loams and silt loams- stay together but change shape easily<br /> *Clay or clayey loam- soil resists breaking, fine textured<br /> ===Ribbon Test===<br /> Involves squeezing a moistened sample of soil in a ball between the thumb and forefinger. <br /> *Sandy soils- will not ribbon<br /> *Loam, silt, silty clay loam or clay loam- ribbons 1 to 2 inches<br /> *Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay soil ribbons more than 2 inches<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Kaufmann, Robert K.; Cutler J. Cleveland (2008). Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-07-298429-3.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [3] R. B. Brown (September 2007). &quot;Soil Texture&quot; (PDF). Agronomy Fact Sheet Series: Fact Sheet SL-29. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 2, 2017.<br /> <br /> [4] Old Farmer's Almanac. “Soil Type: Loamy.” Old Farmer's Almanac, www.almanac.com/plants/soil/loamy.<br /> <br /> [5] Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.<br /> <br /> [6] &quot;The Textural Triangle&quot; The University of Idaho. 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-27. http://oneplan.org/Water/soil-triangle.asp.<br /> <br /> [7] Whiting, David. &quot;Estimating Soil Texture: Sandy, Loamy, or Clayey?&quot; Fact Sheet. Colorado Master Gardening Program. Colorado State University. December 2003. Web.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Loam&diff=2050 2018-05-07T15:51:36Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Field Identification */</p> <hr /> <div>Loam is a type of [[soil]] comprised of varying proportions of sand, silt, and [[clay]]. Loam was given the Latin name ''pinguis humus'' by the Roman poet Virgil. [2]<br /> <br /> ==Physical Properties==<br /> [[File:Soil texture triangle.png|thumb|Photo courtesy of USDA Horticulture and soil science wiki]]<br /> As seen in the figure to the right, the three types of soil can be combined in different amounts to form varying types of loam. The particle sizes range from large to small starting with sand, which is defined as having a particle size greater than 63 µm, silt, with a particle size greater than 2 µm but less than 63 µm, and clay, with particle sizes smaller than 2 µm. [1] Loamy soil is the soil type most likely to contain an ample amount of [[humus]], or dead organic matter from plants and animals, that fosters plant growth.<br /> <br /> ==Life within the soil==<br /> Some of the inhabitants of loamy soil include the water-dependent protozoa and [[Nematodes]]. They usually prefer soil with a greater proportion of silt than sand due to the former's superior water retention. [2] Acari, also known as [[mites]], can tolerate more desiccation than other microorganisms, so they do not need as much exposure to water and can live in a larger range of soil types.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Fertility of loamy soil==<br /> Loam is the best-suited soil type for growing most plants due to its propensity for holding enough water and nutrients to satisfy their needs. [3] Clay dominant soils, although rich in nutrients, have poor drainage due to the small pore size and is not ideal for roots to grow in due to its hard packed texture, which roots often have difficulty penetrating. Sandy soils do not hold water well, and silt does not hold nutrients well. By offering a mixture of these particles, they accentuate the benefits and balance out the detriments of each particle size, forming fertile loam, the ideal soil type for many plant types. The ideal loamy soil patch is, by mass, 40-60% pore space containing air and water. [5]<br /> <br /> Specifically, loamy soil is the preferred growing environment for plants such as strawberries, corn, sunflowers, beets, kale, lettuce, mint, sweet potatoes, peas, tomatoes, and turnips, among others. [4]<br /> <br /> ==Field Classification==<br /> Due to its mixture of sand, silt, and clay, a loam soil will have unique characteristics to look for. For the Soil Texture Triangle figure above, if one can determine the soil's percent by weight of any of the two soil characteristics, the subtracting the two known values from 100% will yield the percentage of the unknown value. When using the figure, one typically starts by following the sand value, first, but because as long as at least two values are known, this is not mandatory. [6]<br /> <br /> ==Field Identification==<br /> In the absence of proper laboratory sampling and measuring equipment, a few different rudimentary tests can be performed manually to determine, roughly, the type of soil that makes up the patch of ground in question.<br /> ===Feel Test===<br /> Involves rubbing a moist sample of the soil between fingers<br /> Sand-feels gritty<br /> Silt-feels smooth<br /> Clay-feels sticky<br /> ===Ball Squeeze Test===<br /> <br /> ===Ribbon Test===<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Kaufmann, Robert K.; Cutler J. Cleveland (2008). Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-07-298429-3.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [3] R. B. Brown (September 2007). &quot;Soil Texture&quot; (PDF). Agronomy Fact Sheet Series: Fact Sheet SL-29. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 2, 2017.<br /> <br /> [4] Old Farmer's Almanac. “Soil Type: Loamy.” Old Farmer's Almanac, www.almanac.com/plants/soil/loamy.<br /> <br /> [5] Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.<br /> <br /> [6] &quot;The Textural Triangle&quot; The University of Idaho. 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-27. http://oneplan.org/Water/soil-triangle.asp.<br /> <br /> [7] Whiting, David. &quot;Estimating Soil Texture: Sandy, Loamy, or Clayey?&quot; Fact Sheet. Colorado Master Gardening Program. Colorado State University. December 2003. Web.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Loam&diff=2049 2018-05-07T15:49:28Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Loam is a type of [[soil]] comprised of varying proportions of sand, silt, and [[clay]]. Loam was given the Latin name ''pinguis humus'' by the Roman poet Virgil. [2]<br /> <br /> ==Physical Properties==<br /> [[File:Soil texture triangle.png|thumb|Photo courtesy of USDA Horticulture and soil science wiki]]<br /> As seen in the figure to the right, the three types of soil can be combined in different amounts to form varying types of loam. The particle sizes range from large to small starting with sand, which is defined as having a particle size greater than 63 µm, silt, with a particle size greater than 2 µm but less than 63 µm, and clay, with particle sizes smaller than 2 µm. [1] Loamy soil is the soil type most likely to contain an ample amount of [[humus]], or dead organic matter from plants and animals, that fosters plant growth.<br /> <br /> ==Life within the soil==<br /> Some of the inhabitants of loamy soil include the water-dependent protozoa and [[Nematodes]]. They usually prefer soil with a greater proportion of silt than sand due to the former's superior water retention. [2] Acari, also known as [[mites]], can tolerate more desiccation than other microorganisms, so they do not need as much exposure to water and can live in a larger range of soil types.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Fertility of loamy soil==<br /> Loam is the best-suited soil type for growing most plants due to its propensity for holding enough water and nutrients to satisfy their needs. [3] Clay dominant soils, although rich in nutrients, have poor drainage due to the small pore size and is not ideal for roots to grow in due to its hard packed texture, which roots often have difficulty penetrating. Sandy soils do not hold water well, and silt does not hold nutrients well. By offering a mixture of these particles, they accentuate the benefits and balance out the detriments of each particle size, forming fertile loam, the ideal soil type for many plant types. The ideal loamy soil patch is, by mass, 40-60% pore space containing air and water. [5]<br /> <br /> Specifically, loamy soil is the preferred growing environment for plants such as strawberries, corn, sunflowers, beets, kale, lettuce, mint, sweet potatoes, peas, tomatoes, and turnips, among others. [4]<br /> <br /> ==Field Classification==<br /> Due to its mixture of sand, silt, and clay, a loam soil will have unique characteristics to look for. For the Soil Texture Triangle figure above, if one can determine the soil's percent by weight of any of the two soil characteristics, the subtracting the two known values from 100% will yield the percentage of the unknown value. When using the figure, one typically starts by following the sand value, first, but because as long as at least two values are known, this is not mandatory. [6]<br /> <br /> ==Field Identification==<br /> In the absence of proper laboratory sampling and measuring equipment, a few different rudimentary tests can be performed manually to determine, roughly, the type of soil that makes up the patch of ground in question.<br /> ===Feel Test===<br /> <br /> ===Ball Squeeze Test===<br /> <br /> ===Ribbon Test===<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Kaufmann, Robert K.; Cutler J. Cleveland (2008). Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-07-298429-3.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [3] R. B. Brown (September 2007). &quot;Soil Texture&quot; (PDF). Agronomy Fact Sheet Series: Fact Sheet SL-29. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 2, 2017.<br /> <br /> [4] Old Farmer's Almanac. “Soil Type: Loamy.” Old Farmer's Almanac, www.almanac.com/plants/soil/loamy.<br /> <br /> [5] Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.<br /> <br /> [6] &quot;The Textural Triangle&quot; The University of Idaho. 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-27. http://oneplan.org/Water/soil-triangle.asp.<br /> <br /> [7] Whiting, David. &quot;Estimating Soil Texture: Sandy, Loamy, or Clayey?&quot; Fact Sheet. Colorado Master Gardening Program. Colorado State University. December 2003. Web.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Flavonoids&diff=2038 2018-05-07T15:25:51Z

<p>Dgkorff: /* Within the Rhizosphere */</p> <hr /> <div>Flavonoids are a group of phytonutrients found in all plants on the planet. Functions of these chemicals in plants include UV protection, defense against invasive pathogens, pigmentation, and signaling in symbiosis. This group of chemicals can be broken down further into subgroups based on the makeup of their chemical structures. In foods, flavonoids are full of natural antioxidants and can be found in a multitude of food types.<br /> <br /> ==Chemical structures==<br /> [[File:Flav structures 2.0.png|thumb|Six subgroups of Flavonoids separated by chemical structure (Image courtesy of Oregon State University page within Micronutrient Information Center)]]<br /> All flavonoids consist of phenolic and pyrane rings and are generally insoluble. [2] Flavonoids differ in the arrangement of hydroxyl, methoxy, and glycosidic groups around a flavin backbone and from there form subgroups that include more specific chemicals. [1]<br /> <br /> '''Flavones''' -Apigenin, Luteolin<br /> <br /> '''Flavanones''' -Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol<br /> <br /> '''Flavonols''' -Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Isorhamnetin<br /> <br /> '''Flavan-3-ols''' -Catechins, Epicatechins, Epicatechin3-gallate, Epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin 3-gallate, Gallocatechin, Theaflavin, Theaflavin 3-3’-digallate, Theaflavin 3’-gallate, Theaflavin 3-gallate, Thearubigins<br /> <br /> '''Anthocyanidins''' -Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin<br /> <br /> ==Role in plant growth==<br /> === Within the Rhizosphere ===<br /> Flavonoids aid in the interaction of plant roots with microorganisms in the surrounding area. [3] [[Plant roots]] can exude these chemicals through decomposing root caps and border cells. Once in the soil, flavonoids act as reducing agents and metal chelators towards metals. This increases the number of nutrients, particularly iron and phosphorous, available to the nearby plant roots.<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are also key in the formation of nodules. Nodules are stores of fixed nitrogen created through a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and rhizobium bacteria. [6] Flavonoids improves transcription of nod genes by making access to RNA polymerase easier for the nodule to form. Conversely, nodule formation can be suppressed in order to maintain optimal conditions for the rate of nodule formation to remain unchanged.<br /> <br /> Mycorrhizal fungi are also beneficiaries of flavonoids being present. Mycorrhizal fungi for hyphae in the soil which are then attracted to the exudates from the roots of a plant. The fungi then form ecto- or endomycorrhizal structures. Specifically, an isoflavonoid called coumestrol is heavily involved in the formation of hyphae. [3]<br /> <br /> It is likely that flavonoids also play a role in the facilitation of arbuscular fungi invasions of the root. [3]<br /> <br /> Flavonoid phytoalexins (antimicrobial and antioxidative substances) are activated in the case of an attempted breach of root tissue by an undesired outsider [3] These phytoalexins protect the root system from pathogens, undesirable bacteria, and even insects from interfering and harming their structures and/or growth space. These chemicals can be kept in dormant reserve for quick deployment if the need arises in the future. In terms of defense from pathogens, a flavonol called quercetin has been shown to repel attacks from ''E. coli'' by impeding ATPase activity (conversion of ATP to ADP resulting in a release of energy). [7]<br /> <br /> Flavonoids have also been found to cause allelopathy, the release of chemicals that deter other plants from growing near the host plant. This can be a huge problem for agriculture in the case of an invasive plant species. This is exactly the case in some sub-Saharan African farm plots. The invasive weed ''Striga'' kills off any surrounding crop planted by farmers and can cause up to a 100% loss in crop yield. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Within the plant===<br /> Studies have shown Flavonoids to play a role in photoprotection for plants. They exist in the highest concentrations within leaves exposed to high amounts of solar radiation. [8] Dihydroxy flavonoids dominate over other types and amounts/concentrations vary on a tissue to tissue or even a cell to cell basis. These dihydroxy flavonoids essentially replace existing hydroxycinnamates (which do not protect sensitive areas of the leaf from UV light very well) and form a stronger barrier. [8]<br /> <br /> ==Presence in foods==<br /> [[File:Better flav foods.jpg|thumb|Flavonoids are present in many foods including blueberries, cocoa beans, strawberries, and aloe vera plants. (Image courtesy of Mother Nature Network)]]<br /> Flavonoids have been discovered to play a big role in the presence of antioxidants in common food sources. The five subgroups of flavonoids above exist as antioxidants within a multitude of common food items. [4]<br /> <br /> Flavonols are found heavily in black tea and raw onions as well as in beer, coffee, and tomatoes. [4] Bee pollen has also found to contain flavonols. [5]<br /> <br /> Dried and raw parsley contains more than 14,000 mg of flavones per gram of the plant. Flavones are also found in sweet, green, and hot chili peppers in addition to oranges and watermelons. [4]<br /> <br /> Regular and decaffeinated black tea accounts for an overwhelming amount of flavan-3-ols consumed by humans, joined by peaches, pears, and bananas.<br /> <br /> Flavanones are mainly found in oranges and grapefruit juice along with lemons and tangerines.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanidins are commonly found in blueberries, strawberries, bananas, and cherries.<br /> <br /> ==Medicinal applications==<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are proven to strengthen capillaries. HR, a flavonoid derived from rutin, is shown as effective in reducing CVI symptoms, like clearing leg swelling. They are anti-inflammatory and can benefit the immune system.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanins, another type of flavonoid, significantly decreased the amount of visual field loss in patients with glaucoma.<br /> <br /> Hydroxyethylrutosides flavonoids have been used to improve symptoms of Ménière's disease. [9]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Heim, Kelly E, et al. “Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-Activity relationships.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 13, no. 10, 1 May 2002, pp. 572–584., doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00208-5.<br /> <br /> [2] Kumar, Shashank, and Abhay K. Pandey. “Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview.” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, 7 Oct. 2013, pp. 1–16., doi:10.1155/2013/162750.<br /> <br /> [3] Hassan, S., and U. Mathesius. “The role of flavonoids in root-Rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-Microbe interactions.” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 63, no. 9, Feb. 2012, pp. 3429–3444., doi:10.1093/jxb/err430.<br /> <br /> [4] Kyle, J.A.M. et al. Flavonoids, chemistry, biochemistry and applications. In Flavonoids in Foods. Anderson, O.M. et al., Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. 2006<br /> <br /> [5] Bhagwat, S., Haytowitz, D.B. Holden, J.M. (Ret.). 2014. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata/flav<br /> <br /> [6] Wang, Qi, et al. “Host-Secreted antimicrobial peptide enforces symbiotic selectivity in Medicago truncatula.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 114, no. 26, Dec. 2017, pp. 6854–6859., doi:10.1073/pnas.1700715114.<br /> <br /> [7] Plaper A, Golob M, Hafner I, Oblak M, Solmajer T, Jerala R. 2003. Characterization of quercetin binding site on DNA gyrase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 306, 530–536.<br /> <br /> [8] Agati, Giovanni, et al. “Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: New evidence, lessons from the past.” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 72, 18 Mar. 2013, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014.<br /> <br /> [9] de Sousa Araújo, Thiago Antônio, et al. &quot;A new approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids contents from the local knowledge.&quot; Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120.1 (2008): 72-80.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Flavonoids&diff=2037 2018-05-07T15:24:46Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Flavonoids are a group of phytonutrients found in all plants on the planet. Functions of these chemicals in plants include UV protection, defense against invasive pathogens, pigmentation, and signaling in symbiosis. This group of chemicals can be broken down further into subgroups based on the makeup of their chemical structures. In foods, flavonoids are full of natural antioxidants and can be found in a multitude of food types.<br /> <br /> ==Chemical structures==<br /> [[File:Flav structures 2.0.png|thumb|Six subgroups of Flavonoids separated by chemical structure (Image courtesy of Oregon State University page within Micronutrient Information Center)]]<br /> All flavonoids consist of phenolic and pyrane rings and are generally insoluble. [2] Flavonoids differ in the arrangement of hydroxyl, methoxy, and glycosidic groups around a flavin backbone and from there form subgroups that include more specific chemicals. [1]<br /> <br /> '''Flavones''' -Apigenin, Luteolin<br /> <br /> '''Flavanones''' -Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol<br /> <br /> '''Flavonols''' -Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Isorhamnetin<br /> <br /> '''Flavan-3-ols''' -Catechins, Epicatechins, Epicatechin3-gallate, Epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin 3-gallate, Gallocatechin, Theaflavin, Theaflavin 3-3’-digallate, Theaflavin 3’-gallate, Theaflavin 3-gallate, Thearubigins<br /> <br /> '''Anthocyanidins''' -Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin<br /> <br /> ==Role in plant growth==<br /> === Within the Rhizosphere ===<br /> Flavonoids aid in the interaction of plant roots with microorganisms in the surrounding area. [3] Root[[Plant roots]]s can exude these chemicals through decomposing root caps and border cells. Once in the soil, flavonoids act as reducing agents and metal chelators towards metals. This increases the number of nutrients, particularly iron and phosphorous, available to the nearby plant roots.<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are also key in the formation of nodules. Nodules are stores of fixed nitrogen created through a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and rhizobium bacteria. [6] Flavonoids improves transcription of nod genes by making access to RNA polymerase easier for the nodule to form. Conversely, nodule formation can be suppressed in order to maintain optimal conditions for the rate of nodule formation to remain unchanged.<br /> <br /> Mycorrhizal fungi are also beneficiaries of flavonoids being present. Mycorrhizal fungi for hyphae in the soil which are then attracted to the exudates from the roots of a plant. The fungi then form ecto- or endomycorrhizal structures. Specifically, an isoflavonoid called coumestrol is heavily involved in the formation of hyphae. [3]<br /> <br /> It is likely that flavonoids also play a role in the facilitation of arbuscular fungi invasions of the root. [3]<br /> <br /> Flavonoid phytoalexins (antimicrobial and antioxidative substances) are activated in the case of an attempted breach of root tissue by an undesired outsider [3] These phytoalexins protect the root system from pathogens, undesirable bacteria, and even insects from interfering and harming their structures and/or growth space. These chemicals can be kept in dormant reserve for quick deployment if the need arises in the future. In terms of defense from pathogens, a flavonol called quercetin has been shown to repel attacks from ''E. coli'' by impeding ATPase activity (conversion of ATP to ADP resulting in a release of energy). [7]<br /> <br /> Flavonoids have also been found to cause allelopathy, the release of chemicals that deter other plants from growing near the host plant. This can be a huge problem for agriculture in the case of an invasive plant species. This is exactly the case in some sub-Saharan African farm plots. The invasive weed ''Striga'' kills off any surrounding crop planted by farmers and can cause up to a 100% loss in crop yield. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Within the plant===<br /> Studies have shown Flavonoids to play a role in photoprotection for plants. They exist in the highest concentrations within leaves exposed to high amounts of solar radiation. [8] Dihydroxy flavonoids dominate over other types and amounts/concentrations vary on a tissue to tissue or even a cell to cell basis. These dihydroxy flavonoids essentially replace existing hydroxycinnamates (which do not protect sensitive areas of the leaf from UV light very well) and form a stronger barrier. [8]<br /> <br /> ==Presence in foods==<br /> [[File:Better flav foods.jpg|thumb|Flavonoids are present in many foods including blueberries, cocoa beans, strawberries, and aloe vera plants. (Image courtesy of Mother Nature Network)]]<br /> Flavonoids have been discovered to play a big role in the presence of antioxidants in common food sources. The five subgroups of flavonoids above exist as antioxidants within a multitude of common food items. [4]<br /> <br /> Flavonols are found heavily in black tea and raw onions as well as in beer, coffee, and tomatoes. [4] Bee pollen has also found to contain flavonols. [5]<br /> <br /> Dried and raw parsley contains more than 14,000 mg of flavones per gram of the plant. Flavones are also found in sweet, green, and hot chili peppers in addition to oranges and watermelons. [4]<br /> <br /> Regular and decaffeinated black tea accounts for an overwhelming amount of flavan-3-ols consumed by humans, joined by peaches, pears, and bananas.<br /> <br /> Flavanones are mainly found in oranges and grapefruit juice along with lemons and tangerines.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanidins are commonly found in blueberries, strawberries, bananas, and cherries.<br /> <br /> ==Medicinal applications==<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are proven to strengthen capillaries. HR, a flavonoid derived from rutin, is shown as effective in reducing CVI symptoms, like clearing leg swelling. They are anti-inflammatory and can benefit the immune system.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanins, another type of flavonoid, significantly decreased the amount of visual field loss in patients with glaucoma.<br /> <br /> Hydroxyethylrutosides flavonoids have been used to improve symptoms of Ménière's disease. [9]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Heim, Kelly E, et al. “Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-Activity relationships.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 13, no. 10, 1 May 2002, pp. 572–584., doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00208-5.<br /> <br /> [2] Kumar, Shashank, and Abhay K. Pandey. “Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview.” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, 7 Oct. 2013, pp. 1–16., doi:10.1155/2013/162750.<br /> <br /> [3] Hassan, S., and U. Mathesius. “The role of flavonoids in root-Rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-Microbe interactions.” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 63, no. 9, Feb. 2012, pp. 3429–3444., doi:10.1093/jxb/err430.<br /> <br /> [4] Kyle, J.A.M. et al. Flavonoids, chemistry, biochemistry and applications. In Flavonoids in Foods. Anderson, O.M. et al., Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. 2006<br /> <br /> [5] Bhagwat, S., Haytowitz, D.B. Holden, J.M. (Ret.). 2014. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata/flav<br /> <br /> [6] Wang, Qi, et al. “Host-Secreted antimicrobial peptide enforces symbiotic selectivity in Medicago truncatula.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 114, no. 26, Dec. 2017, pp. 6854–6859., doi:10.1073/pnas.1700715114.<br /> <br /> [7] Plaper A, Golob M, Hafner I, Oblak M, Solmajer T, Jerala R. 2003. Characterization of quercetin binding site on DNA gyrase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 306, 530–536.<br /> <br /> [8] Agati, Giovanni, et al. “Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: New evidence, lessons from the past.” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 72, 18 Mar. 2013, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014.<br /> <br /> [9] de Sousa Araújo, Thiago Antônio, et al. &quot;A new approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids contents from the local knowledge.&quot; Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120.1 (2008): 72-80.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Flavonoids&diff=2035 2018-05-07T15:23:22Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Flavonoids are a group of phytonutrients found in all plants on the planet. Functions of these chemicals in plants include UV protection, defense against invasive pathogens, pigmentation, and signaling in symbiosis. This group of chemicals can be broken down further into subgroups based on the makeup of their chemical structures. In foods, flavonoids are full of natural antioxidants and can be found in a multitude of food types.<br /> <br /> ==Chemical structures==<br /> [[File:Flav structures 2.0.png|thumb|Six subgroups of Flavonoids separated by chemical structure (Image courtesy of Oregon State University page within Micronutrient Information Center)]]<br /> All flavonoids consist of phenolic and pyrane rings and are generally insoluble. [2] Flavonoids differ in the arrangement of hydroxyl, methoxy, and glycosidic groups around a flavin backbone and from there form subgroups that include more specific chemicals. [1]<br /> <br /> '''Flavones''' -Apigenin, Luteolin<br /> <br /> '''Flavanones''' -Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol<br /> <br /> '''Flavonols''' -Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Isorhamnetin<br /> <br /> '''Flavan-3-ols''' -Catechins, Epicatechins, Epicatechin3-gallate, Epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin 3-gallate, Gallocatechin, Theaflavin, Theaflavin 3-3’-digallate, Theaflavin 3’-gallate, Theaflavin 3-gallate, Thearubigins<br /> <br /> '''Anthocyanidins''' -Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin<br /> <br /> ==Role in plant growth==<br /> === Within the Rhizosphere ===<br /> Flavonoids aid in the interaction of plant roots with microorganisms in the surrounding area. [3] Root[[Plant root]]s can exude these chemicals through decomposing root caps and border cells. Once in the soil, flavonoids act as reducing agents and metal chelators towards metals. This increases the number of nutrients, particularly iron and phosphorous, available to the nearby plant roots.<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are also key in the formation of nodules. Nodules are stores of fixed nitrogen created through a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and rhizobium bacteria. [6] Flavonoids improves transcription of nod genes by making access to RNA polymerase easier for the nodule to form. Conversely, nodule formation can be suppressed in order to maintain optimal conditions for the rate of nodule formation to remain unchanged.<br /> <br /> Mycorrhizal fungi are also beneficiaries of flavonoids being present. Mycorrhizal fungi for hyphae in the soil which are then attracted to the exudates from the roots of a plant. The fungi then form ecto- or endomycorrhizal structures. Specifically, an isoflavonoid called coumestrol is heavily involved in the formation of hyphae. [3]<br /> <br /> It is likely that flavonoids also play a role in the facilitation of arbuscular fungi invasions of the root. [3]<br /> <br /> Flavonoid phytoalexins (antimicrobial and antioxidative substances) are activated in the case of an attempted breach of root tissue by an undesired outsider [3] These phytoalexins protect the root system from pathogens, undesirable bacteria, and even insects from interfering and harming their structures and/or growth space. These chemicals can be kept in dormant reserve for quick deployment if the need arises in the future. In terms of defense from pathogens, a flavonol called quercetin has been shown to repel attacks from ''E. coli'' by impeding ATPase activity (conversion of ATP to ADP resulting in a release of energy). [7]<br /> <br /> Flavonoids have also been found to cause allelopathy, the release of chemicals that deter other plants from growing near the host plant. This can be a huge problem for agriculture in the case of an invasive plant species. This is exactly the case in some sub-Saharan African farm plots. The invasive weed ''Striga'' kills off any surrounding crop planted by farmers and can cause up to a 100% loss in crop yield. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Within the plant===<br /> Studies have shown Flavonoids to play a role in photoprotection for plants. They exist in the highest concentrations within leaves exposed to high amounts of solar radiation. [8] Dihydroxy flavonoids dominate over other types and amounts/concentrations vary on a tissue to tissue or even a cell to cell basis. These dihydroxy flavonoids essentially replace existing hydroxycinnamates (which do not protect sensitive areas of the leaf from UV light very well) and form a stronger barrier. [8]<br /> <br /> ==Presence in foods==<br /> [[File:Better flav foods.jpg|thumb|Flavonoids are present in many foods including blueberries, cocoa beans, strawberries, and aloe vera plants. (Image courtesy of Mother Nature Network)]]<br /> Flavonoids have been discovered to play a big role in the presence of antioxidants in common food sources. The five subgroups of flavonoids above exist as antioxidants within a multitude of common food items. [4]<br /> <br /> Flavonols are found heavily in black tea and raw onions as well as in beer, coffee, and tomatoes. [4] Bee pollen has also found to contain flavonols. [5]<br /> <br /> Dried and raw parsley contains more than 14,000 mg of flavones per gram of the plant. Flavones are also found in sweet, green, and hot chili peppers in addition to oranges and watermelons. [4]<br /> <br /> Regular and decaffeinated black tea accounts for an overwhelming amount of flavan-3-ols consumed by humans, joined by peaches, pears, and bananas.<br /> <br /> Flavanones are mainly found in oranges and grapefruit juice along with lemons and tangerines.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanidins are commonly found in blueberries, strawberries, bananas, and cherries.<br /> <br /> ==Medicinal applications==<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are proven to strengthen capillaries. HR, a flavonoid derived from rutin, is shown as effective in reducing CVI symptoms, like clearing leg swelling. They are anti-inflammatory and can benefit the immune system.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanins, another type of flavonoid, significantly decreased the amount of visual field loss in patients with glaucoma.<br /> <br /> Hydroxyethylrutosides flavonoids have been used to improve symptoms of Ménière's disease. [9]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Heim, Kelly E, et al. “Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-Activity relationships.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 13, no. 10, 1 May 2002, pp. 572–584., doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00208-5.<br /> <br /> [2] Kumar, Shashank, and Abhay K. Pandey. “Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview.” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, 7 Oct. 2013, pp. 1–16., doi:10.1155/2013/162750.<br /> <br /> [3] Hassan, S., and U. Mathesius. “The role of flavonoids in root-Rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-Microbe interactions.” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 63, no. 9, Feb. 2012, pp. 3429–3444., doi:10.1093/jxb/err430.<br /> <br /> [4] Kyle, J.A.M. et al. Flavonoids, chemistry, biochemistry and applications. In Flavonoids in Foods. Anderson, O.M. et al., Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. 2006<br /> <br /> [5] Bhagwat, S., Haytowitz, D.B. Holden, J.M. (Ret.). 2014. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata/flav<br /> <br /> [6] Wang, Qi, et al. “Host-Secreted antimicrobial peptide enforces symbiotic selectivity in Medicago truncatula.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 114, no. 26, Dec. 2017, pp. 6854–6859., doi:10.1073/pnas.1700715114.<br /> <br /> [7] Plaper A, Golob M, Hafner I, Oblak M, Solmajer T, Jerala R. 2003. Characterization of quercetin binding site on DNA gyrase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 306, 530–536.<br /> <br /> [8] Agati, Giovanni, et al. “Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: New evidence, lessons from the past.” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 72, 18 Mar. 2013, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014.<br /> <br /> [9] de Sousa Araújo, Thiago Antônio, et al. &quot;A new approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids contents from the local knowledge.&quot; Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120.1 (2008): 72-80.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Flavonoids&diff=2034 2018-05-07T15:22:38Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Flavonoids are a group of phytonutrients found in all plants on the planet. Functions of these chemicals in plants include UV protection, defense against invasive pathogens, pigmentation, and signaling in symbiosis. This group of chemicals can be broken down further into subgroups based on the makeup of their chemical structures. In foods, flavonoids are full of natural antioxidants and can be found in a multitude of food types.<br /> <br /> ==Chemical structures==<br /> [[File:Flav structures 2.0.png|thumb|Six subgroups of Flavonoids separated by chemical structure (Image courtesy of Oregon State University page within Micronutrient Information Center)]]<br /> All flavonoids consist of phenolic and pyrane rings and are generally insoluble. [2] Flavonoids differ in the arrangement of hydroxyl, methoxy, and glycosidic groups around a flavin backbone and from there form subgroups that include more specific chemicals. [1]<br /> <br /> '''Flavones''' -Apigenin, Luteolin<br /> <br /> '''Flavanones''' -Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol<br /> <br /> '''Flavonols''' -Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Isorhamnetin<br /> <br /> '''Flavan-3-ols''' -Catechins, Epicatechins, Epicatechin3-gallate, Epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin 3-gallate, Gallocatechin, Theaflavin, Theaflavin 3-3’-digallate, Theaflavin 3’-gallate, Theaflavin 3-gallate, Thearubigins<br /> <br /> '''Anthocyanidins''' -Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin<br /> <br /> ==Role in plant growth==<br /> === Within the Rhizosphere ===<br /> Flavonoids aid in the interaction of plant roots with microorganisms in the surrounding area. [3] Plant[[Root]]s can exude these chemicals through decomposing root caps and border cells. Once in the soil, flavonoids act as reducing agents and metal chelators towards metals. This increases the number of nutrients, particularly iron and phosphorous, available to the nearby plant roots.<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are also key in the formation of nodules. Nodules are stores of fixed nitrogen created through a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and rhizobium bacteria. [6] Flavonoids improves transcription of nod genes by making access to RNA polymerase easier for the nodule to form. Conversely, nodule formation can be suppressed in order to maintain optimal conditions for the rate of nodule formation to remain unchanged.<br /> <br /> Mycorrhizal fungi are also beneficiaries of flavonoids being present. Mycorrhizal fungi for hyphae in the soil which are then attracted to the exudates from the roots of a plant. The fungi then form ecto- or endomycorrhizal structures. Specifically, an isoflavonoid called coumestrol is heavily involved in the formation of hyphae. [3]<br /> <br /> It is likely that flavonoids also play a role in the facilitation of arbuscular fungi invasions of the root. [3]<br /> <br /> Flavonoid phytoalexins (antimicrobial and antioxidative substances) are activated in the case of an attempted breach of root tissue by an undesired outsider [3] These phytoalexins protect the root system from pathogens, undesirable bacteria, and even insects from interfering and harming their structures and/or growth space. These chemicals can be kept in dormant reserve for quick deployment if the need arises in the future. In terms of defense from pathogens, a flavonol called quercetin has been shown to repel attacks from ''E. coli'' by impeding ATPase activity (conversion of ATP to ADP resulting in a release of energy). [7]<br /> <br /> Flavonoids have also been found to cause allelopathy, the release of chemicals that deter other plants from growing near the host plant. This can be a huge problem for agriculture in the case of an invasive plant species. This is exactly the case in some sub-Saharan African farm plots. The invasive weed ''Striga'' kills off any surrounding crop planted by farmers and can cause up to a 100% loss in crop yield. [4]<br /> <br /> ===Within the plant===<br /> Studies have shown Flavonoids to play a role in photoprotection for plants. They exist in the highest concentrations within leaves exposed to high amounts of solar radiation. [8] Dihydroxy flavonoids dominate over other types and amounts/concentrations vary on a tissue to tissue or even a cell to cell basis. These dihydroxy flavonoids essentially replace existing hydroxycinnamates (which do not protect sensitive areas of the leaf from UV light very well) and form a stronger barrier. [8]<br /> <br /> ==Presence in foods==<br /> [[File:Better flav foods.jpg|thumb|Flavonoids are present in many foods including blueberries, cocoa beans, strawberries, and aloe vera plants. (Image courtesy of Mother Nature Network)]]<br /> Flavonoids have been discovered to play a big role in the presence of antioxidants in common food sources. The five subgroups of flavonoids above exist as antioxidants within a multitude of common food items. [4]<br /> <br /> Flavonols are found heavily in black tea and raw onions as well as in beer, coffee, and tomatoes. [4] Bee pollen has also found to contain flavonols. [5]<br /> <br /> Dried and raw parsley contains more than 14,000 mg of flavones per gram of the plant. Flavones are also found in sweet, green, and hot chili peppers in addition to oranges and watermelons. [4]<br /> <br /> Regular and decaffeinated black tea accounts for an overwhelming amount of flavan-3-ols consumed by humans, joined by peaches, pears, and bananas.<br /> <br /> Flavanones are mainly found in oranges and grapefruit juice along with lemons and tangerines.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanidins are commonly found in blueberries, strawberries, bananas, and cherries.<br /> <br /> ==Medicinal applications==<br /> <br /> Flavonoids are proven to strengthen capillaries. HR, a flavonoid derived from rutin, is shown as effective in reducing CVI symptoms, like clearing leg swelling. They are anti-inflammatory and can benefit the immune system.<br /> <br /> Anthocyanins, another type of flavonoid, significantly decreased the amount of visual field loss in patients with glaucoma.<br /> <br /> Hydroxyethylrutosides flavonoids have been used to improve symptoms of Ménière's disease. [9]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Heim, Kelly E, et al. “Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-Activity relationships.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 13, no. 10, 1 May 2002, pp. 572–584., doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00208-5.<br /> <br /> [2] Kumar, Shashank, and Abhay K. Pandey. “Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview.” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, 7 Oct. 2013, pp. 1–16., doi:10.1155/2013/162750.<br /> <br /> [3] Hassan, S., and U. Mathesius. “The role of flavonoids in root-Rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-Microbe interactions.” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 63, no. 9, Feb. 2012, pp. 3429–3444., doi:10.1093/jxb/err430.<br /> <br /> [4] Kyle, J.A.M. et al. Flavonoids, chemistry, biochemistry and applications. In Flavonoids in Foods. Anderson, O.M. et al., Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. 2006<br /> <br /> [5] Bhagwat, S., Haytowitz, D.B. Holden, J.M. (Ret.). 2014. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata/flav<br /> <br /> [6] Wang, Qi, et al. “Host-Secreted antimicrobial peptide enforces symbiotic selectivity in Medicago truncatula.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 114, no. 26, Dec. 2017, pp. 6854–6859., doi:10.1073/pnas.1700715114.<br /> <br /> [7] Plaper A, Golob M, Hafner I, Oblak M, Solmajer T, Jerala R. 2003. Characterization of quercetin binding site on DNA gyrase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 306, 530–536.<br /> <br /> [8] Agati, Giovanni, et al. “Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: New evidence, lessons from the past.” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 72, 18 Mar. 2013, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014.<br /> <br /> [9] de Sousa Araújo, Thiago Antônio, et al. &quot;A new approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids contents from the local knowledge.&quot; Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120.1 (2008): 72-80.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Loam&diff=2032 2018-05-07T15:18:37Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Loam is a type of [[soil]] comprised of varying proportions of sand, silt, and [[clay]]. Loam was given the Latin name ''pinguis humus'' by the Roman poet Virgil. [2]<br /> <br /> ==Physical Properties==<br /> [[File:Soil texture triangle.png|thumb|Photo courtesy of USDA Horticulture and soil science wiki]]<br /> As seen in the figure to the right, the three types of soil can be combined in different amounts to form varying types of loam. The particle sizes range from large to small starting with sand, which is defined as having a particle size greater than 63 µm, silt, with a particle size greater than 2 µm but less than 63 µm, and clay, with particle sizes smaller than 2 µm. [1] Loamy soil is the soil type most likely to contain an ample amount of [[humus]], or dead organic matter from plants and animals, that fosters plant growth.<br /> <br /> ==Life within the soil==<br /> Some of the inhabitants of loamy soil include the water-dependent protozoa and [[Nematodes]]. They usually prefer soil with a greater proportion of silt than sand due to the former's superior water retention. [2] Acari, also known as [[mites]], can tolerate more desiccation than other microorganisms, so they do not need as much exposure to water and can live in a larger range of soil types.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Fertility of loamy soil==<br /> Loam is the best-suited soil type for growing most plants due to its propensity for holding enough water and nutrients to satisfy their needs. [3] Clay dominant soils, although rich in nutrients, have poor drainage due to the small pore size and is not ideal for roots to grow in due to its hard packed texture, which roots often have difficulty penetrating. Sandy soils do not hold water well, and silt does not hold nutrients well. By offering a mixture of these particles, they accentuate the benefits and balance out the detriments of each particle size, forming fertile loam, the ideal soil type for many plant types. The ideal loamy soil patch is, by mass, 40-60% pore space containing air and water. [5]<br /> <br /> Specifically, loamy soil is the preferred growing environment for plants such as strawberries, corn, sunflowers, beets, kale, lettuce, mint, sweet potatoes, peas, tomatoes, and turnips, among others. [4]<br /> <br /> ==Field Classification==<br /> Due to its mixture of sand, silt, and clay, a loam soil will have unique characteristics to look for. For the Soil Texture Triangle figure above, if one can determine the soil's percent by weight of any of the two soil characteristics, the subtracting the two known values from 100% will yield the percentage of the unknown value. When using the figure, one typically starts by following the sand value, first, but because as long as at least two values are known, this is not mandatory. [6]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Kaufmann, Robert K.; Cutler J. Cleveland (2008). Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-07-298429-3.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [3] R. B. Brown (September 2007). &quot;Soil Texture&quot; (PDF). Agronomy Fact Sheet Series: Fact Sheet SL-29. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 2, 2017.<br /> <br /> [4] Old Farmer's Almanac. “Soil Type: Loamy.” Old Farmer's Almanac, www.almanac.com/plants/soil/loamy.<br /> <br /> [5] Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.<br /> <br /> [6] &quot;The Textural Triangle&quot; The University of Idaho. 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-27. http://oneplan.org/Water/soil-triangle.asp.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Loam&diff=2031 2018-05-07T15:16:17Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Loam is a type of [[soil]] comprised of varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay. Loam was given the Latin name ''pinguis humus'' by the Roman poet Virgil. [2]<br /> <br /> ==Physical Properties==<br /> [[File:Soil texture triangle.png|thumb|Photo courtesy of USDA Horticulture and soil science wiki]]<br /> As seen in the figure to the right, the three types of soil can be combined in different amounts to form varying types of loam. The particle sizes range from large to small starting with sand, which is defined as having a particle size greater than 63 µm, silt, with a particle size greater than 2 µm but less than 63 µm, and clay, with particle sizes smaller than 2 µm. [1] Loamy soil is the soil type most likely to contain an ample amount of humus, or dead organic matter from plants and animals, that fosters plant growth.<br /> <br /> ==Life within the soil==<br /> Some of the inhabitants of loamy soil include the water-dependent protozoa and [[Nematodes]]. They usually prefer soil with a greater proportion of silt than sand due to the former's superior water retention. [2] Acari, also known as [[mites]], can tolerate more desiccation than other microorganisms, so they do not need as much exposure to water and can live in a larger range of soil types.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Fertility of loamy soil==<br /> Loam is the best-suited soil type for growing most plants due to its propensity for holding enough water and nutrients to satisfy their needs. [3] Clay dominant soils, although rich in nutrients, have poor drainage due to the small pore size and is not ideal for roots to grow in due to its hard packed texture, which roots often have difficulty penetrating. Sandy soils do not hold water well, and silt does not hold nutrients well. By offering a mixture of these particles, they accentuate the benefits and balance out the detriments of each particle size, forming fertile loam, the ideal soil type for many plant types. The ideal loamy soil patch is, by mass, 40-60% pore space containing air and water. [5]<br /> <br /> Specifically, loamy soil is the preferred growing environment for plants such as strawberries, corn, sunflowers, beets, kale, lettuce, mint, sweet potatoes, peas, tomatoes, and turnips, among others. [4]<br /> <br /> ==Field Classification==<br /> Due to its mixture of sand, silt, and clay, a loam soil will have unique characteristics to look for. For the Soil Texture Triangle figure above, if one can determine the soil's percent by weight of any of the two soil characteristics, the subtracting the two known values from 100% will yield the percentage of the unknown value. When using the figure, one typically starts by following the sand value, first, but because as long as at least two values are known, this is not mandatory. [6]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Kaufmann, Robert K.; Cutler J. Cleveland (2008). Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-07-298429-3.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [3] R. B. Brown (September 2007). &quot;Soil Texture&quot; (PDF). Agronomy Fact Sheet Series: Fact Sheet SL-29. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 2, 2017.<br /> <br /> [4] Old Farmer's Almanac. “Soil Type: Loamy.” Old Farmer's Almanac, www.almanac.com/plants/soil/loamy.<br /> <br /> [5] Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.<br /> <br /> [6] &quot;The Textural Triangle&quot; The University of Idaho. 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-27. http://oneplan.org/Water/soil-triangle.asp.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Loam&diff=2030 2018-05-07T15:12:07Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Loam is a type of &lt;soil&gt; comprised of varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay. Loam was given the Latin name ''pinguis humus'' by the Roman poet Virgil. [2]<br /> <br /> ==Physical Properties==<br /> [[File:Soil texture triangle.png|thumb|Photo courtesy of USDA Horticulture and soil science wiki]]<br /> As seen in the figure to the right, the three types of soil can be combined in different amounts to form varying types of loam. The particle sizes range from large to small starting with sand, which is defined as having a particle size greater than 63 µm, silt, with a particle size greater than 2 µm but less than 63 µm, and clay, with particle sizes smaller than 2 µm. [1] Loamy soil is the soil type most likely to contain an ample amount of humus, or dead organic matter from plants and animals, that fosters plant growth.<br /> <br /> ==Life within the soil==<br /> Some of the inhabitants of loamy soil include the water-dependent protozoa and [[Nematodes]]. They usually prefer soil with a greater proportion of silt than sand due to the former's superior water retention. [2] Acari, also known as [[mites]], can tolerate more desiccation than other microorganisms, so they do not need as much exposure to water and can live in a larger range of soil types.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Fertility of loamy soil==<br /> Loam is the best-suited soil type for growing most plants due to its propensity for holding enough water and nutrients to satisfy their needs. [3] Clay dominant soils, although rich in nutrients, have poor drainage due to the small pore size and is not ideal for roots to grow in due to its hard packed texture, which roots often have difficulty penetrating. Sandy soils do not hold water well, and silt does not hold nutrients well. By offering a mixture of these particles, they accentuate the benefits and balance out the detriments of each particle size, forming fertile loam, the ideal soil type for many plant types. The ideal loamy soil patch is, by mass, 40-60% pore space containing air and water. [5]<br /> <br /> Specifically, loamy soil is the preferred growing environment for plants such as strawberries, corn, sunflowers, beets, kale, lettuce, mint, sweet potatoes, peas, tomatoes, and turnips, among others. [4]<br /> <br /> ==Field Classification==<br /> Due to its mixture of sand, silt, and clay, a loam soil will have unique characteristics to look for. For the Soil Texture Triangle figure above, if one can determine the soil's percent by weight of any of the two soil characteristics, the subtracting the two known values from 100% will yield the percentage of the unknown value. When using the figure, one typically starts by following the sand value, first, but because as long as at least two values are known, this is not mandatory. [6]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Kaufmann, Robert K.; Cutler J. Cleveland (2008). Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-07-298429-3.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, D. C., Crossley, D. A., Jr., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (2nd ed.). Amstherdan: Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [3] R. B. Brown (September 2007). &quot;Soil Texture&quot; (PDF). Agronomy Fact Sheet Series: Fact Sheet SL-29. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 2, 2017.<br /> <br /> [4] Old Farmer's Almanac. “Soil Type: Loamy.” Old Farmer's Almanac, www.almanac.com/plants/soil/loamy.<br /> <br /> [5] Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.<br /> <br /> [6] &quot;The Textural Triangle&quot; The University of Idaho. 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-27. http://oneplan.org/Water/soil-triangle.asp.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=2006 2018-05-07T00:18:25Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>''Emiliania huxleyi'' is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. [1] Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, ''Emiliania huxleyi'', (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') plays an important role in all ecosystems in which it is found. <br /> <br /> ==Scientific interest in ''Ehux''==<br /> [[File:Sattelite pic 1.jpg|frame|An E. huxleyi bloom viewed from space. Photo courtesy of NASA.]]<br /> ''Emiliania huxleyi'' is tremendously successful at converting inorganic carbon into products used in photosynthesis and biomineralization. [2] ''E. huxleyi'', like many other phytoplankton, is very important to the ecosystems it inhabits. Blooms of Ehux can be seen as large turquoise patches in the water through satellite imagery, covering hundreds of thousands of square meters of ocean. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Winter, Amos, et al. “Poleward Expansion of the Coccolithophore Emiliania Huxleyi.” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 36, no. 2, 2013, pp. 316–325., doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt110.<br /> <br /> [2] Read, Betsy A., et al. “Pan Genome of the Phytoplankton Emiliania Underpins Its Global Distribution.” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7457, Dec. 2013, pp. 209–213., doi:10.1038/nature12221.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=2005 2018-05-06T23:57:56Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>''Emiliania huxleyi'' is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. [1] Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, ''Emiliania huxleyi'', (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') plays an important role in all ecosystems in which it is found. <br /> <br /> ==Scientific interest in ''Ehux''==<br /> [[File:Sattelite pic 1.jpg|frame|An E. huxleyi bloom viewed from space. Photo courtesy of NASA.]]<br /> ''Emiliania huxleyi'' is tremendously successful at converting inorganic carbon into products used in photosynthesis and biomineralization. [2] ''E. huxleyi'', like many other phytoplankton, is very important to the ecosystems it inhabits. Blooms of Ehux can be seen as large turquoise patches in the water through satellite imagery, covering hundreds of thousands of square meters of ocean. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Winter, Amos, et al. “Poleward Expansion of the Coccolithophore Emiliania Huxleyi.” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 36, no. 2, 2013, pp. 316–325., doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt110.<br /> [2] Read, Betsy A., et al. “Pan Genome of the Phytoplankton Emiliania Underpins Its Global Distribution.” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7457, Dec. 2013, pp. 209–213., doi:10.1038/nature12221.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=2004 2018-05-06T23:56:41Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>''Emiliania huxleyi'' is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. [1] Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, ''Emiliania huxleyi'', (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') plays an important role in all ecosystems in which it is found. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Scientific interest in ''Ehux''==<br /> ''Emiliania huxleyi'' is tremendously successful at converting inorganic carbon into products used in photosynthesis and biomineralization. [2] ''E. huxleyi'', like many other phytoplankton, is very important to the ecosystems it inhabits. Blooms of Ehux can be seen as large turquoise patches in the water through satellite imagery, covering hundreds of thousands of square meters of ocean. [2]<br /> [[File:Sattelite pic 1.jpg|frame|An E. huxleyi bloom viewed from space. Photo courtesy of NASA.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Winter, Amos, et al. “Poleward Expansion of the Coccolithophore Emiliania Huxleyi.” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 36, no. 2, 2013, pp. 316–325., doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt110.<br /> [2] Read, Betsy A., et al. “Pan Genome of the Phytoplankton Emiliania Underpins Its Global Distribution.” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7457, Dec. 2013, pp. 209–213., doi:10.1038/nature12221.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Sattelite_pic_1.jpg&diff=2003 2018-05-06T23:52:19Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=2002 2018-05-06T23:51:31Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>''Emiliania huxleyi'' is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. [1] Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, ''Emiliania huxleyi'', (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') plays an important role in all ecosystems in which it is found. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Scientific interest in ''Ehux''==<br /> ''Emiliania huxleyi'' is tremendously successful at converting inorganic carbon into products used in photosynthesis and biomineralization. [2] ''E. huxleyi'', like many other phytoplankton, is very important to the ecosystems it inhabits. Blooms of Ehux can be seen through satellite imagery, covering hundreds of thousands of square meters of ocean. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Winter, Amos, et al. “Poleward Expansion of the Coccolithophore Emiliania Huxleyi.” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 36, no. 2, 2013, pp. 316–325., doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt110.<br /> [2] Read, Betsy A., et al. “Pan Genome of the Phytoplankton Emiliania Underpins Its Global Distribution.” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7457, Dec. 2013, pp. 209–213., doi:10.1038/nature12221.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2001 2018-05-06T23:27:26Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]''<br /> <br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2000 2018-05-06T23:26:50Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], [[''Emiliania huxleyi'']]<br /> <br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=1999 2018-05-06T23:25:02Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Emiliania huxleyi is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, Emiliania huxleyi, (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') plays an important role in all ecosystems in which it is found.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Scientific interest in ''Ehux''==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Winter, Amos, et al. “Poleward Expansion of the Coccolithophore Emiliania Huxleyi.” Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 36, no. 2, 2013, pp. 316–325., doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt110.</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=1998 2018-05-06T23:04:59Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>Emiliania huxleyi is a species of unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton, (also known as a coccolithophore), and is found in nearly all oceanic ecosystems outside of polar regions. Named after Thomas Henry Huxley, Emiliania huxleyi (also abbreviated ''Ehux'') was first discovered when</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&diff=1997 2018-05-06T22:41:31Z

<p>Dgkorff: Created page with &quot;Emiliania huxleyi is a lichen that helps clouds become real bois&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Emiliania huxleyi is a lichen that helps clouds become real bois</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1996 2018-05-06T22:40:45Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], [[Emiliania huxleyi]]<br /> <br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1970 2018-05-06T21:16:13Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], [[Emiliana huxleyi]]<br /> <br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1969 2018-05-06T21:15:56Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], [[emiliana huxleyi]]<br /> <br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Dgkorff https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Biodiversity_interactions&diff=1914 2018-05-03T19:13:51Z

<p>Dgkorff: </p> <hr /> <div>==&lt;u&gt;'''Soil Biodiversity Interactions'''&lt;/u&gt;==<br /> Soil is one of the most important natural resources for life on this planet and contributes to many ecological systems.<br /> ==='''What is Soil Biodiversity?'''===<br /> <br /> Soil biodiversity includes the living organisms and their interactions with each other, along with plants in the soil. Soil life varies with environment, from the other side of the world, the country, or even a tree. For example, a handful of soil from one spot on the forest floor may contain a very different selection of life from soil two feet away. This is because of variations in the availability of water or nutrients. [3] This immense variety serves as a cause for the many interactions, effects, and services that this ecosystem creates and contributes to. The benefits gained from this ecological environment affect not only the sub-terrestrial but the surrounding environment as well.<br /> [[File:soil_biodiversity.jpg|frame|[7]|right]]<br /> <br /> ==='''The Benefits'''===<br /> <br /> Soil is a vital part of the environment. Variability in substrate quality and soil habitat causes wide variation in soil microbial communities and functions of nutrient cycles. [5] The decomposition of organic material into inorganic molecules is one of the more important ecosystem services performed by soil organisms. [8] The diverse life in the soil processes waste organic matter in order to sustain terrestrial life. It also regulates the water cycle and the carbon flux, decontaminates the soil and air due to pollution, and essentially provides us with medicine. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics#Penicillin_and_other_natural_antibiotics (antibiotics)] [2] <br /> ====Carbon Flux====<br /> *Through photosynthesis, plants draw carbon out of the air to form carbon compounds. The plant then exudes what it doesn't need for growth through its roots to supply soil organisms, where the carbon is then rendered stable, giving soil its structure, [[wikipedia:soil fertility| fertility]], and water retention capabilities as well. [4]<br /> *When plants and animals die, they are decomposed into the soil by the biota. The carbon then leaves their bodies and is sent back into the atmosphere. [4]<br /> *The continual decaying of plant material and greater species diversity in soil maximizes carbon storage and its cycling process. [4] [6]<br /> ====Soil Organic Matter====<br /> *The decomposition of this matter is a naturally occurring biological process that is determined by soil organisms, the physical environment and the quality of the organic matter. <br /> * the products released during decomposition of organic matter include: carbon dioxide, energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds. [6]<br /> *Soil organic matter is a food source for soil organisms and micro-organisms. <br /> **the waste material from these organisms is mineralized into the soil and is used by plants for nutrients. <br /> **By breaking down carbon and rebuilding new ones (by feeding off the organic matter and excreting it back into the soil), soil biota plays the most important role in nutrient cycling processes and can provide nutrients through soil to harvest healthy plants. [6]<br /> <br /> [[File:ll.png|frame|[6]|center]]</div>

Dgkorff