Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:54:14Z

Datringa: /* = Description */

== Description ==
[[File: skunkcabbagefieldguide_thumb-01.jpg|thumb|Eastern Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/eastern_skunk_cabbage]]
Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the Arum family or Aracea [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==
[[File: SkunkCabbageSnow.jpg|thumb|Eastern skunk cabbage is able to melt the snow around it as it emerges in the springtime - ''Retrieved from'' https://herbsocietyblog.wordpress.com/2019/01/14/skunk-cabbage-ephemeral-alchemical-and-smelly/]]

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant that is not at all widely used by humans due to its toxicity. However, some native American tribes did find use for this plant. As a food source, the plant's young leaves and shoots are edible when boiled [5]. Most often however, the plant was used medicinally. Skunk cabbage has been used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from parasitic infections to cancer. Most commonly, it has seen use as pain reliever or anxiety remedy [5].

== References ==

[1] Native Plant: Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2013, March 22. . https://urbanecologycenter.org/blog/native-plant-eastern-skunk-cabbage.html

[2] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Skunk-Cabbage

[3] Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2010, March. . https://flnps.org/native-plants/eastern-skunk-cabbage

[4] Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage). (n.d.). . https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/skunk-cabbage

[5] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.rxlist.com/skunk_cabbage/supplements.htm

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:53:35Z

Datringa: /* Life Cycle */

== Description =
[[File: skunkcabbagefieldguide_thumb-01.jpg|thumb|Eastern Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/eastern_skunk_cabbage]]

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the Arum family or Aracea [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==
[[File: SkunkCabbageSnow.jpg|thumb|Eastern skunk cabbage is able to melt the snow around it as it emerges in the springtime - ''Retrieved from'' https://herbsocietyblog.wordpress.com/2019/01/14/skunk-cabbage-ephemeral-alchemical-and-smelly/]]

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant that is not at all widely used by humans due to its toxicity. However, some native American tribes did find use for this plant. As a food source, the plant's young leaves and shoots are edible when boiled [5]. Most often however, the plant was used medicinally. Skunk cabbage has been used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from parasitic infections to cancer. Most commonly, it has seen use as pain reliever or anxiety remedy [5].

== References ==

[1] Native Plant: Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2013, March 22. . https://urbanecologycenter.org/blog/native-plant-eastern-skunk-cabbage.html

[2] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Skunk-Cabbage

[3] Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2010, March. . https://flnps.org/native-plants/eastern-skunk-cabbage

[4] Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage). (n.d.). . https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/skunk-cabbage

[5] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.rxlist.com/skunk_cabbage/supplements.htm

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:50:24Z

Datringa: /* = Description */

== Description =
[[File: skunkcabbagefieldguide_thumb-01.jpg|thumb|Eastern Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/eastern_skunk_cabbage]]

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the Arum family or Aracea [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant that is not at all widely used by humans due to its toxicity. However, some native American tribes did find use for this plant. As a food source, the plant's young leaves and shoots are edible when boiled [5]. Most often however, the plant was used medicinally. Skunk cabbage has been used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from parasitic infections to cancer. Most commonly, it has seen use as pain reliever or anxiety remedy [5].

== References ==

[1] Native Plant: Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2013, March 22. . https://urbanecologycenter.org/blog/native-plant-eastern-skunk-cabbage.html

[2] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Skunk-Cabbage

[3] Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2010, March. . https://flnps.org/native-plants/eastern-skunk-cabbage

[4] Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage). (n.d.). . https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/skunk-cabbage

[5] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.rxlist.com/skunk_cabbage/supplements.htm

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:49:57Z

Datringa: /* Description */

== Description =
[File: skunkcabbagefieldguide_thumb-01.jpg|thumb|Eastern Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/eastern_skunk_cabbage]]

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the Arum family or Aracea [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant that is not at all widely used by humans due to its toxicity. However, some native American tribes did find use for this plant. As a food source, the plant's young leaves and shoots are edible when boiled [5]. Most often however, the plant was used medicinally. Skunk cabbage has been used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from parasitic infections to cancer. Most commonly, it has seen use as pain reliever or anxiety remedy [5].

== References ==

[1] Native Plant: Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2013, March 22. . https://urbanecologycenter.org/blog/native-plant-eastern-skunk-cabbage.html

[2] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Skunk-Cabbage

[3] Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2010, March. . https://flnps.org/native-plants/eastern-skunk-cabbage

[4] Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage). (n.d.). . https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/skunk-cabbage

[5] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.rxlist.com/skunk_cabbage/supplements.htm

File:SkunkCabbageSnow.jpg

2022-05-11T02:42:06Z

Datringa:

File:Skunkcabbagefieldguide thumb-01.jpg

2022-05-11T02:41:39Z

Datringa:

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:38:18Z

Datringa: /* References */

== Description ==

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the Arum family or Aracea [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant that is not at all widely used by humans due to its toxicity. However, some native American tribes did find use for this plant. As a food source, the plant's young leaves and shoots are edible when boiled [5]. Most often however, the plant was used medicinally. Skunk cabbage has been used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from parasitic infections to cancer. Most commonly, it has seen use as pain reliever or anxiety remedy [5].

== References ==

[1] Native Plant: Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2013, March 22. . https://urbanecologycenter.org/blog/native-plant-eastern-skunk-cabbage.html

[2] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Skunk-Cabbage

[3] Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2010, March. . https://flnps.org/native-plants/eastern-skunk-cabbage

[4] Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage). (n.d.). . https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/skunk-cabbage

[5] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.rxlist.com/skunk_cabbage/supplements.htm

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:33:25Z

Datringa: /* Description */

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:29:25Z

Datringa: /* References */

== Description ==

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the family Aracea, a mostly tropical group of plants [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant that is not at all widely used by humans due to its toxicity. However, some native American tribes did find use for this plant. As a food source, the plant's young leaves and shoots are edible when boiled [5]. Most often however, the plant was used medicinally. Skunk cabbage has been used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from parasitic infections to cancer. Most commonly, it has seen use as pain reliever or anxiety remedy [5].

== References ==

[1] Native Plant: Eastern Skunk Cabbage. 2013, March 22. . https://urbanecologycenter.org/blog/native-plant-eastern-skunk-cabbage.html

[2] Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Skunk-Cabbage

[3]

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:22:11Z

Datringa: /* Uses */

== Description ==

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the family Aracea, a mostly tropical group of plants [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant that is not at all widely used by humans due to its toxicity. However, some native American tribes did find use for this plant. As a food source, the plant's young leaves and shoots are edible when boiled [5]. Most often however, the plant was used medicinally. Skunk cabbage has been used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from parasitic infections to cancer. Most commonly, it has seen use as pain reliever or anxiety remedy [5].

== References ==

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:09:17Z

Datringa: /* Ecological Role */

== Description ==

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the family Aracea, a mostly tropical group of plants [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Uses ==

== References ==

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:09:03Z

Datringa: /* Habitat */

== Description ==

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the north, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the family Aracea, a mostly tropical group of plants [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Ecology ==
The eastern skunk cabbage is found almost exclusively in moist, swampy conditions [4]. It typically thrives in wet, water logged [[soil]] that it is able to anchor itself into using its long and contractile roots [4]. This tolerance to such wet conditions makes the plant a common site on moist forest floors, in swamps, or along stream banks [4]. This plant can also tolerate heavy shade, making it especially adapted to life on the forest floor. It's large leaves are an adaptation that allows it to capitalize on the low amounts of sunlight that it gets [3]. Although the plant is toxic to most species, it is a food source to some. Some species known to consume the plant include snails, [[slugs]], and a few species of caterpillars as well [3].

== Life Cycle ==

Eastern skink cabbage is a perennial plant which means that it lives for multiple growing seasons. The plant emerges early in the spring (as early as February in some places) making it one of the first plants to emerge each year. The plant is active throughout the spring and summer before the foliage dies off in the fall. Once this happens, the plant goes dormant throughout the winter as a rhizome below the ground [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is often the first plant to flower in the spring, with its large flower structures (spathes) easy to spot in the springtime. This plant is unique in that since it emerges so early in the season, it is able to generate heat in a process called thermogenesis. These temperatures can reach up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and allow the plant to flower and produce seeds without the risk of freezing [2]. Once it flowers, it is typically pollinated by [[insects]] (usually small flies) that are attracted to its strong scent [4].

== Ecological Role ==

== Uses ==

== References ==

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T02:00:55Z

Datringa: /* Life Cycle */

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T01:51:44Z

Datringa: /* Habitat and Range */

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T01:43:25Z

Datringa: /* Description */

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-11T01:43:01Z

Datringa: /* Description */

== Description ==

Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is a perennial herb native to eastern North America with its range extending from southern Canada in the North, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota [1]. Eastern skunk cabbage is a plant in the family Aracea, a mostly tropical group of plants [3]. This plant is characterized by its large dark green leaves (up to 2ft in length) as well as the large flowering structure called a spathe [2]. Most significantly, the plant is named due to the unpleasant odor that is emitted from it's flowers and damaged leaves [3].

== Habitat and Range ==

== Life Cycle ==

== Ecological Role ==

== Uses ==

== References ==

Eastern Skunk Cabbage

2022-05-10T02:29:56Z

Datringa: Created page with "== Description == == Habitat and Range == == Life Cycle == == Ecological Role == == Uses == == References =="

== Description ==

== Habitat and Range ==

== Life Cycle ==

== Ecological Role ==

== Uses ==

== References ==

Permafrost

2022-05-10T02:25:31Z

Datringa:

Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer below Earth’s surface. It consists of [[soil]], gravel, and [[sand]], usually bound together by ice and can be found on land and below the ocean floor. Permafrost usually remains at or below 0°C (32ºF) for two or more years. It is found in areas where temperatures rarely rise above freezing [2]. Permafrost occurs in many different forms with various amounts of ice and is mainly found in areas near the Arctic. In Alaska, about 80 percent of the ground has permafrost underneath it. In the Northern Hemisphere, regions in which permafrost occurs occupy approximately 25% of the land. The upper surface of permafrost is called the permafrost table. In permafrost areas, the surface layer of ground that freezes in the winter and thaws in summer is called the active layer [4].

[[File:Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions.png|thumb|Circum-Arctic_Map_of_Permafrost_and_Ground_Ice_Conditions]]

==Permafrost Zones==
Permafrost is widespread in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere, where it occurs in 85 percent of Alaska and 55 percent of Russia and Canada, and covers almost all of Antarctica. In addition to its widespread occurrence in the Arctic and subarctic areas of Earth, permafrost also exists at lower latitudes in areas of high elevation. This type of perennially frozen ground is called alpine permafrost. The largest area of alpine permafrost is in western China, where 1,500,000 square km (580,000 square miles) of permafrost are known to exist [4].

==Continuety of Coverage==
Permafrost ranges in all different sizes and thicknesses. The average thickness can range from one meter to over 1500 meters [4]. The thickness of the active layer depends mainly on the moisture content, varying from less than a foot in thickness in wet, organic sediments to several feet in well-drained gravels. Permafrost is more widespread and extends to greater depths in the north than in the south. It is 1,500 meters (5,000 feet) thick in northern Siberia and 740 meters (about 2,430 feet) thick in northern Alaska, and it thins progressively toward the south [4].
[[File:Permafrost in Herschel Island 007.jpg|thumb|Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_007]]

===Continuous Permafrost===
Continuous permafrost is a continuous sheet of frozen material, usually underlying 90-100% of the landscape. Continuous permafrost extends under all surfaces except large bodies of water in the area. Siberia has continuous permafrost [2].

===Discontinuous Permafrost===
Discontinuous permafrost is broken up into separate areas, usually covering 50-90% of the landscape. This includes numerous permafrost-free areas that increase progressively in size and number from north to south. Near the southern boundary, only rare patches of permafrost have been found to exist [4]. Some permafrost, in the shadow of a mountain or thick vegetation, stays all year. In other areas of discontinuous permafrost, the summer sun thaws the permafrost for several weeks or months. The land near the southern shore of Hudson Bay, Canada, has discontinuous permafrost [2].

==Effects of Climate Change==
Warming since the late 1960s has been observed in permafrost temperature profiles from many locations. Over the past several decades, permafrost temperatures have generally warmed in lowlands and mountains. While the impacts of climate change on permafrost vary at regional and local scales, permafrost thawing has been observed in many locations around the world [1]. Thawing is an effect of climate change caused by the positive feedback loop from the overall warming. Erosion happens when permafrost thaws because soil and sediment are easily washed away without ice-binding them together. When the temperature of permafrost rises above 0ºC, it starts to thaw. Generally, the mineral and organic components of the former permafrost will remain solid. Therefore, in regions with more ground ice, thawing permafrost may result in more of a change to the land surface, and vice versa [2]. As the permafrost thaws, it can turn into a mud slurry that cannot support the weight of the soil and vegetation above it. This leads to infrastructures such as roads, buildings, and pipes being damaged. Additionally, [[Organic Matter|organic matter]] currently frozen in the permafrost will start to decompose when the ground thaws, resulting in many years worth of methane and carbon dioxide being emitted into the atmosphere [1]

==References==
[1] Climate Change Indicators: Permafrost. 2022, March 31. . Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-permafrost.

[2] National Geographic Society. 2012, October 9. Permafrost. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/permafrost/.

[3] Pewe, T. L. (n.d.). Climatic change. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/science/permafrost/Climatic-change.

[4] What is permafrost? 2021, June 4. . https://www.permafrost.org/what-is-permafrost/.

Yellow trout lily

2022-05-10T02:21:13Z

Datringa: /* Ecological Significance */

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]
[[File:e americanum range.png|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, butterflies, flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Soil food web

2022-05-10T02:16:54Z

Datringa:

The ''[[soil]] food web'' is a complex interaction between fauna and flora within the soil. These groups include bacteria, fungi, [[protozoa]], [[nematodes]], micro-[[arthropods]], [[insects]], small vertebrates, earthworms, and plants. Larger [[organisms]] are also a part of the system. Each specific element within the food web works together with chemical, biological, and physical forces within the environment to maintain healthy soils as well as how it interacts with other flora and fauna. [1] It was first described in the academic literature of Dr. Elaine Ingham, a soil biology researcher, and microbiologist. [5]

[[Food webs]] are all the [[food chains]] within a single ecosystem with each food chain being a possible path of nutrients and energy as it is moved throughout the environment. [2]

[[File:soil food web.jpg|thumb|400px|left| [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MEDIA/nrcs142p2_049822.jpg] Soil Food Web [4]]]
==Organisms and their Interactions==
Each organism interacts with other species within the soil food web. Within a food web, there are [[trophic levels]] between each interaction ranging from the first tropic level to the fifth trophic level which dictates the roles occupied by that organism in the ecosystem. The first trophic level is primary producers, followed by primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and apex predators. [7] Below are the different trophic level organisms and interactions present within the soil food web;

*Plants - The first trophic level, a primary producer. Nematodes and fungi feed into the shoots and roots of plants while [[Organic Matter|organic matter]], waste from plants, is created due to the [[decomposition]] of plants.

*Bacteria - The second trophic level, a primary consumer. A part of decomposers and feeds off of [[Organic Matter|organic matter]] produced by the primary producers, plants.

*Fungi - The second trophic level, a primary consumer. Feeds off of plants and organic matter.

*Nematodes - Three types of nematodes dependent on size. The first nematode is a primary consumer that feeds on the roots of plants. The second nematode is also a primary consumer but feeds on fungi and bacteria. The final nematode and the largest in size is the predator, which consists of the third trophic level, secondary consumers. These nematodes feed on other smaller nematodes and protozoa found within the soil.

*Arthropods - Two types of arthropods are found within the soil; shredders and predators. The shredders are a part of the third trophic level and feed on root-feeding nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. The predator arthropods are a part of the fourth trophic level, tertiary consumers. They feed on predator nematodes, and shredder arthropods.

*Fauna - This category of organisms consists of birds and [[animals]]. They are both at the fifth trophic level, the apex predators of the soil. They both eat predatory arthropods. [4]

==Soil Food Web Functions==
[[File:soil organisms.jpg|thumb|800px|right| [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MEDIA/stelprdb1237707.jpg] Functions of Soil Organisms [4]]]
The organisms within the ecosystem existing in the soil depend on the interactions with each other to maintain survival and growth. In turn, these organisms support nutrient growth as they enhance soil structure, control populations of [[soil organisms]], and decompose organic matter. [4] Below are some examples of soil food web functions present within the soil structure;

*[[Nutrient Cycling]] - The fecal excretion from predators such as protozoa and nematodes from the consumption of bacteria and fungi release nutrients. The plants in the soil then absorb these nutrients, causing the plant to flourish and enhance plant growth. [1]

*[[Bioturbation]] - This is a process in which plant residues mix into soils by biotic activity such as earthworms, [[Pot Worms|pot worms]], [[collembola]], [[mites]], and [[isopods]]. It regulates the flow of water and gas as well as dissolves nutrients within the soil. This process advances decomposition and creates habitats for another microfauna within the ecosystem. [6]

*Decomposition of organic matter - Decomposition within the soil is abundant among soil animals such as earthworms and termites. This decomposition process occurs by dispersing microbes throughout the soil by mincing organic material. These decomposers play a crucial role within the soil food web as it allows for waste management and pollution control within the ecosystem. [1]

*Capture of energy - Photosynthesizers within the soil such as plants, algae, and bacteria capture the energy and use solar energy to fix CO2. [4]

*Control of populations - Above-ground animals such as mice, shrews, birds, and larger nematodes control the population of lower trophic level predators. These larger organisms also improve soil structure by carrying smaller organisms large distances and burrowing. [4]

==Soil Organisms Habitat==
Organisms within the soil are not distributed evenly unlike other ecosystems present in our world. Rather, they live in 'hotspots' where much of the nutrients, and moisture are found regardless of the space available. They most often occur where the organic matter is found and are within a range of a few inches of soil from the surface. Specifically, many organisms are found around roots. This zone is called the [[rhizosphere]] and consists of narrow areas of soil surrounding the roots and [[root hairs]] of plants found above the surface. These roots are abundant with bacteria that feed on proteins released by the roots and allow the plant to maintain a healthy root system due to nutrient cycling and disease suppression. Another hotspot of soil organism activity is within the litter of soils. Fungi are commonly found here as it is an area abundant with hard-to-decompose carbon. More hotspots consist of [[humus]], on the surface of soil aggregates, and in the spaces between soil aggregates. [4]

==References==
[1] The Soil Food Web. RootShoot. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from http://www.rootshootsoils.com/the-soil-food-web

[2] National Geographic Society. (2012, October 9). Food web. National Geographic Society. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/food-web/

[3] The soil food web: Nature's way to build healthy soils. Piedmont Master Gardeners. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://piedmontmastergardeners.org/article/the-soil-food-web-natures-way-to-build-healthy-soils/

[4] Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868

[5] Admin, S. (n.d.). Symsoil admin. SymSoil. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://symsoil.com/soil-food-web-symsoil/

[6] Nakaya, R. (2021, January 27). Soil life in action: Bioturbation with and without soil fauna. The Kid Should See This. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/bioturbation-with-and-without-soil-fauna#:~:text=Bioturbation%20is%20the%20mixing%20of,water%20flow%20through%20the%20soil.

[7] Take online courses. earn college credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2022, from https://study.com/learn/lesson/trophic-levels-structure-function.html

Spring Ephemerals

2022-05-05T01:02:39Z

Datringa: /* Ecological Importance */

Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers that are found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These [[flowers]] encompass a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of [[ephemeral plants]] (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1].
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]

==Description==
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]

Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, [[perennial]] wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor. They will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2].

A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a [[bulb]], [[corm]], or [[rhizome]]. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight.
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]

==Reproductive Adaptations==
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [2]. Some ephemerals, like [[Mayapple]] (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [5]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the [[Trout lily]] is an example of this strategy [6].

[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]

==Ecological Importance==
[[File:miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a trout lily miner bee (''Andrena erythronii'') a native specialist pollinator .]]

Spring Ephemerals are extremely important to forest ecosystems, especially to [[insect]] pollinators. There are a variety of insect pollinators that rely on these wildflowers for food in the early spring, and some are specialist pollinators that primarily feed on these flowers. Beeflies, mining bees, bumblebees, and syrphid flies are some examples of early pollinators who rely on these early blooming wildflowers to sustain themselves [3]. Additionally, small [[animals]] also rely on these plants for food; there is a documented relationship between Mayapple and box turtles that suggests that box turtles are one of the main seed dispersers of Mayapples because many other animals do not eat the fruits that are produced due to the leaves and roots being toxic [4].

[[File:spring_miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a spring beauty miner bee (''Andrena erigeniae'') a native specialist pollinator .]]

==Cultural Importance==
Most native spring ephemerals in the northeastern US are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collected the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores for the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7].
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]

==References==
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.

[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.

[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.

[4] Holcomb, A. 2021, April 29. Nature In The Natural State: The Symbiotic Relationship Of Mayapples And Boxturtles. https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/2021-04-29/nature-in-the-natural-state-the-symbiotic-relationship-of-mayapples-and-boxturtles.

[5] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.

[6] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.

[7] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/

Wolf Spider

2022-04-28T04:08:54Z

Datringa: /* Hunting Habits */

Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae. This family belongs to the order of Araneae, which includes all known spiders. There are more than 100 genera and about 2,300 species of wolf spiders; 200 species live in the United States [1]. The wolf spider mainly feeds on [[insects]], has a lifespan of up to a year (making them annuals), and ranges in size from 0.24 to 1.2 inches [2].

[[File:Wolf spider white bg.jpg|thumb|Wolf Spider Full Body View]]

== Taxonomy ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Arthropoda
| Arachnida
| Araneae
| Lycosidae
|}

==Description==
The size of the wolf spider can be as small as a 1/4 inch but can grow as large as 2 inches, with females being much larger than males. Their eyes are separated into 3 rows with the bottom row containing 4 small eyes, the middle row containing 2 large eyes, and then the top row containing 2 medium-sized eyes. This gives them the powerful vision to detect their prey, even at night. Their bodies are also covered in hairs that help them detect their surroundings with touch. Wolf spiders have a wide range of colorations including black, orange, brown, and grey [3].

==Habitats==
Wolf spiders are found all throughout the United States. Their common habitats include woods, grasslands, and shrubbery (any area that has a close source of running water). Because there is such a variety in species and size, their habitats are broad. Instead of living on spun webs, the wolf spiders create shallow burrows in the dirt for resting and overwintering [4].

==Mating and Reproduction==
Male wolf spiders only come in contact with female wolf spiders during their mating seasons. Mating takes place outside of the female's burrow at night. The male is attracted to the female through the pheromones from the silk they produce. Males perform a complex mating dance that includes complex leg movements and palp signaling to the female. After mating is completed, the female constructs an egg sac that she carries around to protect. Females are very defensive over their egg sacs and show aggressive behaviors when they are lost or to protect them [1].

[[File:Wolf Spider with egg sac (31663965492).jpg|thumb|Wolf spider with egg sac]]

==Hunting Habits==
Wolf spiders get their name from the way that they hunt and stalk their prey. They are usually lone hunters, which does not hinder their chances of catching their prey. Just like actual wolves, the wolf spider leaps at its prey after stalking them and uses its strong jaws to bite and consume them. Common prey of this species includes crickets, earwigs, grasshoppers, flies, and ants [3]. They have even been found to prey upon small reptiles or amphibians in some cases. Unlike other arachnid species, wolf spiders will hunt in a set territory and return prey to their nest to consume it [1].

==References==
[1] Wolf Spiders - Great Facts, Venom & Habitat Information. (n.d.). .

[2] Wolf Spider Facts. 2018, December 14. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/wolf-spider.

[3]Wolf Spider - Size, Appearance, Bite, Facts and Pictures. 2018, November 15. . https://badpests.com/wolf-spider/.

[4] Wolf Spider Habitat | Terminix. (n.d.). . https://www.terminix.com/spiders/wolf/where-do-wolf-spiders-live/.

Pioneer species

2022-04-26T01:31:37Z

Datringa: /* Pioneer Flora */

==Definition==

'''Pioneer Species''' are a group of species that are first to colonize a new habitat created by a previous disturbance. These disturbances could be a fire, flood, or volcanic activity that causes very fine or non-existent [[soil]], high heat, or lack of water.

[[File:moss.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [1] ]]

==Ecological Succession==
This is the process that allows pioneer species to become apparent in disturbed habitats. This is a change in structure that occurs within a community or ecosystem and has multiple phases dependent on different patterns of regrowth within an ecosystem. Ecosystems advance until they reach a [[climax community]] where all of the resources are efficiently used and the total mass of vegetation reaches a peak. The concept of ecological succession has two types; [[primary succession]] and [[secondary succession]]. Primary succession is when soils are not yet formed in an area, allowing for no vegetation to be grown. Over time, small [[organisms]] and erosion break down these rocks into soils allowing for the introduction of pioneer species into the area. More often, pioneer species are brought about through secondary succession, a process that as long as the soil is not destroyed within a natural disaster-affected ecosystem can flourish with pioneer species. [2]

[[File:secondary.jpg|right|thumb| https://cdn-acgla.nitrocdn.com/bvIhcJyiWKFqlMsfAAXRLitDZjWdRlLX/assets/static/optimized/rev-5131b73/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Secondary-Succession-300x117.jpg [2]]]

==Pioneer Flora==
Flora are the first to become pioneer species across all types of natural disaster sites. Due to a lack of nutrients in the soil most pioneer species have to be hardy plants with adaptions such as long roots and the ability to live in harsh conditions with a lack of water and sunlight. The seeds also have to be able to [[germinate]] easily, allowing species to propagate even after years of dormancy and be able to disperse via wind. This is due to the lack of other forms of dispersal like fauna distribution. The propagule size of the seeds must also be small due to the realization of succession goals and the ability to disperse seeds within small crevices surrounding the habitat. Their lifecycles must also be short as pioneer species cannot stay in one place with little to no nutrients for long. [3]

These species are needed in order to develop and reform ecosystems, allowing for development in a nutrient-poor environment.

Examples of Pioneering plant species:
*'''[[Lichen]]''': A fungus and an alga typically found on rocks and shady places
*'''[[Moss]]''': Non-vascular plants that form dense green clumps in damp and shady areas
*'''Grass''': Small-seeded blades of plant that grow in crevices

==Pioneer Fauna==
While pioneer fauna is harder to find and typically does not appear until the pioneer flora has first established an area, there are still some species that are more so present in the early stages of disaster-struck areas. Some examples of pioneer fauna are soil [[invertebrates]] like worms, ants, snails, and possibly even some toads. These species are important to the soil of the area, as they both help the pioneer flora to flourish but also bring nutrients back into the soil that it was once lacking. Once the introduction of pioneer fauna is present, the area will continue to advance at a rapid pace and more species will start to migrate towards the ecosystem.

==References==

[1] Sataksig. (2019, February 3). Pioneer plants: What is it, and what does it do? Earth Buddies. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://earthbuddies.net/pioneer-plants/

[2] Editors, B. D., (2019, October 5). Ecological succession - definition, examples and types. Biology Dictionary. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://biologydictionary.net/ecological-succession/

[3] Pioneer species - definition and examples - biology online dictionary. Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online. (2022, January 13). Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/pioneer-species

[4] Dalling, J. W. (2008, January 1). Pioneer species. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/pioneer-species

[5] Futura-Sciences. (n.d.). Pioneer species. Futura. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from http://www.futura-sciences.us/dico/d/botany-pioneer-species-50002180/

Pioneer species

2022-04-26T01:30:27Z

Datringa: /* Definition */

==Definition==

'''Pioneer Species''' are a group of species that are first to colonize a new habitat created by a previous disturbance. These disturbances could be a fire, flood, or volcanic activity that causes very fine or non-existent [[soil]], high heat, or lack of water.

[[File:moss.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [1] ]]

==Ecological Succession==
This is the process that allows pioneer species to become apparent in disturbed habitats. This is a change in structure that occurs within a community or ecosystem and has multiple phases dependent on different patterns of regrowth within an ecosystem. Ecosystems advance until they reach a [[climax community]] where all of the resources are efficiently used and the total mass of vegetation reaches a peak. The concept of ecological succession has two types; [[primary succession]] and [[secondary succession]]. Primary succession is when soils are not yet formed in an area, allowing for no vegetation to be grown. Over time, small [[organisms]] and erosion break down these rocks into soils allowing for the introduction of pioneer species into the area. More often, pioneer species are brought about through secondary succession, a process that as long as the soil is not destroyed within a natural disaster-affected ecosystem can flourish with pioneer species. [2]

[[File:secondary.jpg|right|thumb| https://cdn-acgla.nitrocdn.com/bvIhcJyiWKFqlMsfAAXRLitDZjWdRlLX/assets/static/optimized/rev-5131b73/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Secondary-Succession-300x117.jpg [2]]]

==Pioneer Flora==
Flora are the first to become pioneer species across all types of natural disaster sites. Due to a lack of nutrients in the soil most pioneer species have to be hardy plants with adaptions such as long roots and the ability to live in harsh conditions with a lack of water and sunlight. The seeds also have to be able to [[germate]] easily, allowing species to propagate even after years of dormancy and be able to disperse via wind. This is due to the lack of other forms of dispersal like fauna distribution. The propagule size of the seeds must also be small due to the realization of succession goals and the ability to disperse seeds within small crevices surrounding the habitat. Their lifecycles must also be short as pioneer species cannot stay in one place with little to no nutrients for long. [3]

These species are needed in order to develop and reform ecosystems, allowing for development in a nutrient-poor environment.

Examples of Pioneering plant species:
*'''[[Lichen]]''': A fungus and an alga typically found on rocks and shady places
*'''[[Moss]]''': Non-vascular plants that form dense green clumps in damp and shady areas
*'''Grass''': Small-seeded blades of plant that grow in crevices

==Pioneer Fauna==
While pioneer fauna is harder to find and typically does not appear until the pioneer flora has first established an area, there are still some species that are more so present in the early stages of disaster-struck areas. Some examples of pioneer fauna are soil [[invertebrates]] like worms, ants, snails, and possibly even some toads. These species are important to the soil of the area, as they both help the pioneer flora to flourish but also bring nutrients back into the soil that it was once lacking. Once the introduction of pioneer fauna is present, the area will continue to advance at a rapid pace and more species will start to migrate towards the ecosystem.

==References==

[1] Sataksig. (2019, February 3). Pioneer plants: What is it, and what does it do? Earth Buddies. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://earthbuddies.net/pioneer-plants/

[2] Editors, B. D., (2019, October 5). Ecological succession - definition, examples and types. Biology Dictionary. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://biologydictionary.net/ecological-succession/

[3] Pioneer species - definition and examples - biology online dictionary. Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online. (2022, January 13). Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/pioneer-species

[4] Dalling, J. W. (2008, January 1). Pioneer species. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/pioneer-species

[5] Futura-Sciences. (n.d.). Pioneer species. Futura. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from http://www.futura-sciences.us/dico/d/botany-pioneer-species-50002180/

Salamanders

2022-04-23T02:00:08Z

Datringa: /* Life Cycle */

[[File: EasternRedbackedSalamander2.jpg|thumb|Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) - ''Retrieved from'' https://herpsofnc.org/red-backed-salamander/]]
== Description ==

Salamanders are a group of amphibians in the order Caudata [1]. There are over 740 species of salamander in 10 families [1]. Salamanders are characterized as amphibians which have tails as adults [1]. Salamanders are typically small [[animals]], usually reaching no more than 4 to 6 inches when fully grown [1]. There are notable exceptions however, with some species, reaching much larger sizes. Most notably, the Japanese giant salamander can reach up to 5.6 feet in length [1]. Other well known examples of salamanders include axolotls, hellbenders, sirens, and newts [1]. Salamanders can be found in temperate and tropical climates worldwide, with most of their [[diversity]] occurring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere [1].

== Habitat and Range ==

Salamanders can be found throughout almost the entire northern hemisphere with the one exception being the Amazon basin in South America [3]. The greatest amount of salamander diversity can be found in the United states, with all but one of the families being found there, the Hynobiidae or Asiatic salamanders [2]. All species of salamanders require access to a nearby water source, as it is essential for them to keep their skin moist in order to survive [2]. Some groups, particularly newts, spend most of their time out of the water while others, such as hellbenders, are almost fully aquatic [2]. Some other species are cave specialists and spend most, if not all of their lives in total darkness [4].

== Life Cycle ==
[[File: Salamander-Life-Cycle.jpg|thumb|Typical Salamander Life Cycle - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.animalspot.net/salamander]]
Salamanders are amphibians and like most amphibians they reproduce by laying eggs. In most species, reproduction is done via internal fertilization although a few species use external fertilization [3]. After fertilization, eggs are typically laid in clusters in shallow water. Some species however, lay eggs in moist terrestrial locations, such as under logs or on leaves [3]. Once the eggs are laid, it is common for the female to stay with them until they hatch [3]. Most salamander species begin their lives as a fully aquatic larva which then undergoes a metamorphosis before transitioning to a more terrestrial adult [3]. Not all species do this though. A number of species never fully metamorphize and the adults retain several juvenile features, a process called paedomorphosis [3]. The most well known species to undergo paedomorphosis is the Axolotl [3].

== Diet ==

All species of salamanders are carnivores with [[insects]] being the most common prey item [3]. Diet does vary widely across species, mostly depending on the size of a particular species. Small salamanders eat mostly insects and other small [[invertebrates]] while some of the largest species have diets that include larger prey items, including fish, crustaceans, and small mammals [4]. Salamanders are mostly slow moving animals and this limits their ability to catch fast prey items [4]. This limitation is partially made up for in some, mostly tropical, species which have specialized tongues which can be rapidly protruded from the mouths to grab prey items [3].

== References ==

[1] salamander | Species, lifestyle, & facts. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/salamander

[2] Facts About Salamanders | Live Science. 2015, October 29.. https://www.livescience.com/52627-salamanders.html

[3] Caudata | Characteristics & Facts | Britannica. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/Caudata

[4] Salamander and Newt | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. (n.d.).. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/salamander-and-newt#:~:text=HABITAT%20AND%20DIET,dug%20in%20the%20damp%20earth.

File:Salamander-Life-Cycle.jpg

2022-04-23T01:57:10Z

Datringa:

Salamanders

2022-04-23T01:50:00Z

Datringa: /* Life Cycle */

[[File: EasternRedbackedSalamander2.jpg|thumb|Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) - ''Retrieved from'' https://herpsofnc.org/red-backed-salamander/]]
== Description ==

Salamanders are a group of amphibians in the order Caudata [1]. There are over 740 species of salamander in 10 families [1]. Salamanders are characterized as amphibians which have tails as adults [1]. Salamanders are typically small [[animals]], usually reaching no more than 4 to 6 inches when fully grown [1]. There are notable exceptions however, with some species, reaching much larger sizes. Most notably, the Japanese giant salamander can reach up to 5.6 feet in length [1]. Other well known examples of salamanders include axolotls, hellbenders, sirens, and newts [1]. Salamanders can be found in temperate and tropical climates worldwide, with most of their [[diversity]] occurring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere [1].

== Habitat and Range ==

Salamanders can be found throughout almost the entire northern hemisphere with the one exception being the Amazon basin in South America [3]. The greatest amount of salamander diversity can be found in the United states, with all but one of the families being found there, the Hynobiidae or Asiatic salamanders [2]. All species of salamanders require access to a nearby water source, as it is essential for them to keep their skin moist in order to survive [2]. Some groups, particularly newts, spend most of their time out of the water while others, such as hellbenders, are almost fully aquatic [2]. Some other species are cave specialists and spend most, if not all of their lives in total darkness [4].

== Life Cycle ==

Salamanders are amphibians and like most amphibians they reproduce by laying eggs. In most species, reproduction is done via internal fertilization although a few species use external fertilization [3]. After fertilization, eggs are typically laid in clusters in shallow water. Some species however, lay eggs in moist terrestrial locations, such as under logs or on leaves [3]. Once the eggs are laid, it is common for the female to stay with them until they hatch [3]. Most salamander species begin their lives as a fully aquatic larva which then undergoes a metamorphosis before transitioning to a more terrestrial adult [3]. Not all species do this though. A number of species never fully metamorphize and the adults retain several juvenile features, a process called paedomorphosis [3]. The most well known species to undergo paedomorphosis is the Axolotl [3].

== Diet ==

All species of salamanders are carnivores with [[insects]] being the most common prey item [3]. Diet does vary widely across species, mostly depending on the size of a particular species. Small salamanders eat mostly insects and other small [[invertebrates]] while some of the largest species have diets that include larger prey items, including fish, crustaceans, and small mammals [4]. Salamanders are mostly slow moving animals and this limits their ability to catch fast prey items [4]. This limitation is partially made up for in some, mostly tropical, species which have specialized tongues which can be rapidly protruded from the mouths to grab prey items [3].

== References ==

[1] salamander | Species, lifestyle, & facts. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/salamander

[2] Facts About Salamanders | Live Science. 2015, October 29.. https://www.livescience.com/52627-salamanders.html

[3] Caudata | Characteristics & Facts | Britannica. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/Caudata

[4] Salamander and Newt | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. (n.d.).. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/salamander-and-newt#:~:text=HABITAT%20AND%20DIET,dug%20in%20the%20damp%20earth.

Salamanders

2022-04-23T01:45:42Z

Datringa:

[[File: EasternRedbackedSalamander2.jpg|thumb|Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) - ''Retrieved from'' https://herpsofnc.org/red-backed-salamander/]]
== Description ==

Salamanders are a group of amphibians in the order Caudata [1]. There are over 740 species of salamander in 10 families [1]. Salamanders are characterized as amphibians which have tails as adults [1]. Salamanders are typically small [[animals]], usually reaching no more than 4 to 6 inches when fully grown [1]. There are notable exceptions however, with some species, reaching much larger sizes. Most notably, the Japanese giant salamander can reach up to 5.6 feet in length [1]. Other well known examples of salamanders include axolotls, hellbenders, sirens, and newts [1]. Salamanders can be found in temperate and tropical climates worldwide, with most of their [[diversity]] occurring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere [1].

== Habitat and Range ==

Salamanders can be found throughout almost the entire northern hemisphere with the one exception being the Amazon basin in South America [3]. The greatest amount of salamander diversity can be found in the United states, with all but one of the families being found there, the Hynobiidae or Asiatic salamanders [2]. All species of salamanders require access to a nearby water source, as it is essential for them to keep their skin moist in order to survive [2]. Some groups, particularly newts, spend most of their time out of the water while others, such as hellbenders, are almost fully aquatic [2]. Some other species are cave specialists and spend most, if not all of their lives in total darkness [4].

== Life Cycle ==

Salamanders are amphibians and like most amphibians they reproduce by laying eggs. In most species, reproduction is done via internal fertilization although a few species use external fertilization [3]. After fertilization, eggs are typically laid in clusters in shallow water. Some species however, lay eggs in moist terrestrial locations, such as under logs or on leaves [3]. Once the eggs are laid, it is common for the female to stay with them until they hatch [3]. Most salamander species begin their lives as a fully aquatic larva which then undergoes a metamorphosis before transitioning to a more terrestrial adult [3]. Not all species do this however. A number of species never fully metamorphize and the adults retain several juvenile features, a process called paedomorphosis [3]. The most well known species to undergo paedomorphosis is the Axolotl [3].

== Diet ==

All species of salamanders are carnivores with [[insects]] being the most common prey item [3]. Diet does vary widely across species, mostly depending on the size of a particular species. Small salamanders eat mostly insects and other small [[invertebrates]] while some of the largest species have diets that include larger prey items, including fish, crustaceans, and small mammals [4]. Salamanders are mostly slow moving animals and this limits their ability to catch fast prey items [4]. This limitation is partially made up for in some, mostly tropical, species which have specialized tongues which can be rapidly protruded from the mouths to grab prey items [3].

== References ==

[1] salamander | Species, lifestyle, & facts. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/salamander

[2] Facts About Salamanders | Live Science. 2015, October 29.. https://www.livescience.com/52627-salamanders.html

[3] Caudata | Characteristics & Facts | Britannica. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/Caudata

[4] Salamander and Newt | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. (n.d.).. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/salamander-and-newt#:~:text=HABITAT%20AND%20DIET,dug%20in%20the%20damp%20earth.

File:EasternRedbackedSalamander2.jpg

2022-04-23T01:39:05Z

Datringa: Eastern Red-backed Salamander

== Summary ==
Eastern Red-backed Salamander

File:TigerSalamander2.jpg

2022-04-23T01:38:14Z

Datringa: Tiger Salamander

== Summary ==
Tiger Salamander

Salamanders

2022-04-22T05:46:04Z

Datringa: /* Diet */

== Description ==

Salamanders are a group of amphibians in the order Caudata [1]. There are over 740 species of salamander in 10 families [1]. Salamanders are characterized as amphibians which have tails as adults [1]. Salamanders are typically small [[animals]], usually reaching no more than 4 to 6 inches when fully grown [1]. There are notable exceptions however, with some species, reaching much larger sizes. Most notably, the Japanese giant salamander can reach up to 5.6 feet in length [1]. Other well known examples of salamanders include axolotls, hellbenders, sirens, and newts [1]. Salamanders can be found in temperate and tropical climates worldwide, with most of their [[diversity]] occurring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere [1].

== Habitat and Range ==

Salamanders can be found throughout almost the entire northern hemisphere with the one exception being the Amazon basin in South America [3]. The greatest amount of salamander diversity can be found in the United states, with all but one of the families being found there, the Hynobiidae or Asiatic salamanders [2]. All species of salamanders require access to a nearby water source, as it is essential for them to keep their skin moist in order to survive [2]. Some groups, particularly newts, spend most of their time out of the water while others, such as hellbenders, are almost fully aquatic [2]. Some other species are cave specialists and spend most, if not all of their lives in total darkness [4].

== Life Cycle ==

Salamanders are amphibians and like most amphibians they reproduce by laying eggs. In most species, reproduction is done via internal fertilization although a few species use external fertilization [3]. After fertilization, eggs are typically laid in clusters in shallow water. Some species however, lay eggs in moist terrestrial locations, such as under logs or on leaves [3]. Once the eggs are laid, it is common for the female to stay with them until they hatch [3]. Most salamander species begin their lives as a fully aquatic larva which then undergoes a metamorphosis before transitioning to a more terrestrial adult [3]. Not all species do this however. A number of species never fully metamorphize and the adults retain several juvenile features, a process called paedomorphosis [3]. The most well known species to undergo paedomorphosis is the Axolotl [3].

== Diet ==

All species of salamanders are carnivores with [[insects]] being the most common prey item [3]. Diet does vary widely across species, mostly depending on the size of a particular species. Small salamanders eat mostly insects and other small [[invertebrates]] while some of the largest species have diets that include larger prey items, including fish, crustaceans, and small mammals [4]. Salamanders are mostly slow moving animals and this limits their ability to catch fast prey items [4]. This limitation is partially made up for in some, mostly tropical, species which have specialized tongues which can be rapidly protruded from the mouths to grab prey items [3].

== References ==

[1] salamander | Species, lifestyle, & facts. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/salamander

[2] Facts About Salamanders | Live Science. 2015, October 29.. https://www.livescience.com/52627-salamanders.html

[3] Caudata | Characteristics & Facts | Britannica. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/Caudata

[4] Salamander and Newt | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. (n.d.).. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/salamander-and-newt#:~:text=HABITAT%20AND%20DIET,dug%20in%20the%20damp%20earth.

Salamanders

2022-04-22T05:31:33Z

Datringa: /* Life Cycle */

== Description ==

Salamanders are a group of amphibians in the order Caudata [1]. There are over 740 species of salamander in 10 families [1]. Salamanders are characterized as amphibians which have tails as adults [1]. Salamanders are typically small [[animals]], usually reaching no more than 4 to 6 inches when fully grown [1]. There are notable exceptions however, with some species, reaching much larger sizes. Most notably, the Japanese giant salamander can reach up to 5.6 feet in length [1]. Other well known examples of salamanders include axolotls, hellbenders, sirens, and newts [1]. Salamanders can be found in temperate and tropical climates worldwide, with most of their [[diversity]] occurring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere [1].

== Habitat and Range ==

Salamanders can be found throughout almost the entire northern hemisphere with the one exception being the Amazon basin in South America [3]. The greatest amount of salamander diversity can be found in the United states, with all but one of the families being found there, the Hynobiidae or Asiatic salamanders [2]. All species of salamanders require access to a nearby water source, as it is essential for them to keep their skin moist in order to survive [2]. Some groups, particularly newts, spend most of their time out of the water while others, such as hellbenders, are almost fully aquatic [2]. Some other species are cave specialists and spend most, if not all of their lives in total darkness [4].

== Life Cycle ==

Salamanders are amphibians and like most amphibians they reproduce by laying eggs. In most species, reproduction is done via internal fertilization although a few species use external fertilization [3]. After fertilization, eggs are typically laid in clusters in shallow water. Some species however, lay eggs in moist terrestrial locations, such as under logs or on leaves [3]. Once the eggs are laid, it is common for the female to stay with them until they hatch [3]. Most salamander species begin their lives as a fully aquatic larva which then undergoes a metamorphosis before transitioning to a more terrestrial adult [3]. Not all species do this however. A number of species never fully metamorphize and the adults retain several juvenile features, a process called paedomorphosis [3]. The most well known species to undergo paedomorphosis is the Axolotl [3].

== Diet ==

== References ==

[1] salamander | Species, lifestyle, & facts. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/salamander

[2] Facts About Salamanders | Live Science. 2015, October 29.. https://www.livescience.com/52627-salamanders.html

[3] Caudata | Characteristics & Facts | Britannica. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/Caudata

[4] Salamander and Newt | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. (n.d.).. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/salamander-and-newt#:~:text=HABITAT%20AND%20DIET,dug%20in%20the%20damp%20earth.

Salamanders

2022-04-22T05:17:29Z

Datringa: /* References */

Salamanders

2022-04-22T05:11:52Z

Datringa: /* Ecological Role */

Salamanders

2022-04-22T05:11:21Z

Datringa: /* Habitat and Range */

Salamanders

2022-04-22T04:08:41Z

Datringa: /* References */

Salamanders

2022-04-22T04:03:04Z

Datringa: /* Description */

Salamanders

2022-04-22T03:47:05Z

Datringa: /* References */

== Description ==

== Habitat and Range ==

== Life Cycle ==

== Diet ==

== Ecological Role ==

== References ==

[1] salamander | Species, lifestyle, and facts. (n.d.).. https://www.britannica.com/animal/salamander

Salamanders

2022-04-16T02:53:17Z

Datringa:

== Description ==

== Habitat and Range ==

== Life Cycle ==

== Diet ==

== Ecological Role ==

== References ==

Salamanders

2022-04-16T02:52:45Z

Datringa: Created page with "== Description == == Habitat and Range == == Life Cycle == == Diet == == Ecological Role =="

== Description ==

== Habitat and Range ==

== Life Cycle ==

== Diet ==

== Ecological Role ==

Cicadas

2022-04-11T04:08:10Z

Datringa:

[[File: cicada.jpg|thumb|Periodical Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-x-cicadas-could-cause-a-bird-baby-boom/]]
== Description ==
Cicadas are members of the family Cicadidae in the order Homoptera [2]. They have two pairs of membranous wings, two compound eyes as well as three simple eyes. Cicadas can range in size from 2 to 5 cm in length [2]. Their coloration can vary from bright orange and red patterns to iridescent greens and blues. Cicadas are easily identifiable by their recognizable vocalizations in the mid and late summer months. Male cicadas are responsible for these vocalizations which are produced by vibrating membranes which are located at the base of their abdomens [2]. The natural song frequency of a cicada is determined by the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana, which functions as an eardrum membrane in the abdomen [1]. North American species produce a series of rhythmical buzzes or whines, while species from other parts of the world produce more musical vocalizations [2]. Vocalizations can be made for several reasons; for mating, as a sign of disturbance, or as a result of daily weather fluctuations and the songs produced by other nearby males [2]

== Annual vs. Periodical Cicadas ==
[[File: dogday.jpg|thumb|Dog-day Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html]]

Cicada species can be divided into two sub-categories based on the timing of their life cycles. Annual cicadas have a life cycle of two to five years and broods overlap, resulting in new adults every year [3]. An example of an annual cicada is the species ''Neotibicen canicularis'', more commonly known as the Dog-Day Cicada [3]. [[Periodical Cicadas]] do not appear every year and have life cycles of 13 to 17 years [3]. There are a total of seven species of cicada that are considered periodical, and all belong to the genus ''Magicicada''[3]. Of these seven species, four have a 17-year cycle and are generally found in the north, while the remaining three species have a 13-year cycle and are generally found in more southern regions [3]. Adult periodical cicadas typically emerge in May and June and are identifiable by their black bodies, striking red eyeballs and orange veined wings [3].

== Habitat and Range ==
Over 3,000 species of cicadas are known to exist, ranging in habitat from deserts, to grasslands and forests with most being situated in tropical environments [2]. Within these environments, cicadas inhabit regions with deciduous, woody trees and plants that can support their reproductive and nutritional needs [6]. Nymphs require environments with [[soil]] fertile enough to support complex root systems which they can feed upon as they grow [6]. Adults require woody plants with tender, thin twigs in which they can lay their eggs and also extract fluid from food [5]. Annual cicadas can be found worldwide, while periodicals are restricted solely to the central and eastern regions of the United States [4].

== Life Cycle ==
The life cycle of a cicada begins with the laying of eggs in woody plant tissues that will later drop from the plant during or after egg hatching [2]. Female cicadas can lay up to 400 eggs spread over dozens of sites [4]. After 6 to 10 weeks, nymphs emerge from these eggs and burrow into the ground where they will sustain themselves on juices from roots of perennial plants [2]. The nymph phase of the cicada is spent entirely in underground burrows until they emerge to the surface and molt their shells to become adults [4]. [[File: molt.jpg|thumb|Molting Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada]] This event occurs in synchrony for all emerging adults as it is dependent on the year and soil temperature [4]. Once an adult, the sole purpose of the cicada is to mate and lay eggs. Because of this, the typical lifespan of the newly emerged adult cicadas is usually only about four to six weeks before they die. [4].

== Ecological Role ==
Cicadas play a beneficial role in the environment as they aerate the soil as nymphs, prune trees and shrubs as adults, and serve as a source of nitrogen for plants once they die [5]. They also function as an important link in the food chain as almost all insectivorous species will readily eat them when the adults emerge in the summer. Because cicadas emerge in the millions, they are fairly resilient to predation, making them an abundant and reliable food source [5]. However, cicadas can be considered a vulnerable group of [[insects]] as the nymphs are heavily affected by the application of pesticides as well as other lawn and garden chemicals [5].

== References ==

[1] Bennet-Clark, H. C., and D. Young. (1992). A MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS:32.

[2] cicada | Description, Life Cycle, & Facts. (n.d.). . https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada.

[3] Cicada - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. (n.d.). . https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html.

[4] Cicadas, facts and photos. 2011, May 10. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/cicadas.

[5] [[Periodical Cicadas]]. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas.

[6] Where Do Cicadas Live? Facts About Cicada Habitats. 2018, April 11. . https://www.orkin.com/other/cicadas/habitat.

Cicadas

2022-04-11T03:40:55Z

Datringa:

Cicadas

2022-03-30T00:20:57Z

Datringa: /* Description */

[[File: cicada.jpg|thumb|Periodical Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-x-cicadas-could-cause-a-bird-baby-boom/]]
== Description ==
Cicadas are members of the family Cicadidae in the order Homoptera [2]. They have two pairs of membranous wings, two compound eyes as well as three simple eyes. Cicadas can range in size from 2 to 5 cm in length [2]. Their coloration can vary from bright orange and red patterns to iridescent greens and blues. Cicadas are easily identifiable by their recognizable vocalizations in the mid and late summer months. Male cicadas are responsible for these vocalizations which are produced by vibrating membranes which are located at the base of their abdomens [2]. The natural song frequency of a cicada is determined by the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana, which functions as an eardrum membrane in the abdomen [1]. North American species produce a series of rhythmical buzzes or whines, while species from other parts of the world produce more musical vocalizations [2]. Vocalizations can be made for several reasons; for mating, as a sign of disturbance, or as a result of daily weather fluctuations and the songs produced by other nearby males [2].

== Annual vs. Periodical Cicadas ==
[[File: dogday.jpg|thumb|Dog-day Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html]]

Cicada species can be divided into two sub-categories based on the timing of their life cycles. Annual cicadas have a life cycle of two to five years and broods overlap, resulting in new adults every year [3]. An example of an annual cicada is the Dog-Day Cicada [3]. [[Periodical Cicadas]] do not appear every year and have life cycles of 13 to 17 years [3]. There are a total of seven species of cicada that are considered periodical, and all belong to the genus ''Magicicada''[3]. Of these seven species, four have a 17-year cycle and are generally found in the north, while the remaining three species have a 13-year cycle and are generally found in more southern regions [3]. Adult periodical cicadas typically emerge in May and June and are identifiable by their black bodies, striking red eyeballs and orange veined wings [3].

== Habitat and Range ==
Over 3,000 species of cicadas are known to exist, ranging in habitat from deserts, to grasslands and forests with most being situated in tropical environments [2]. Within these environments, cicadas inhabit regions with deciduous, woody trees and plants that can support their reproductive and nutritional needs [6]. Nymphs require environments with [[soil]] fertile enough to support complex root systems which they can feed upon as they grow [6]. Adults require woody plants with tender, thin twigs in which they can lay their eggs and also extract fluid from for food [5]. Annual cicadas can be found worldwide, while periodicals are restricted solely to the central and eastern regions of the United States [4].

== Life Cycle ==
The life cycle of a cicada begins with the laying of eggs in woody plant tissues that will later drop from the plant during or after egg hatching [2]. Female cicadas can lay up to 400 eggs spread over dozens of sites [4]. After 6 to 10 weeks, nymphs emerge from these eggs and burrow into the ground where they will sustain themselves on juices from roots of perennial plants [2]. The nymph phase of the cicada is spent entirely in underground burrows until they emerge to the surface and molt their shells to become adults [4]. [[File: molt.jpg|thumb|Molting Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada]] This event occurs in synchrony for all emerging adults as it is dependent on the year and soil temperature [4]. Once an adult, the sole purpose of the cicada is to mate and lay eggs. Because of this, the typical lifespan of the newly emerged adult cicadas is usually only about four to six weeks before they die. [4].

== Ecological Role ==
Cicadas play a beneficial role in the environment as they aerate the soil as nymphs, prune trees and shrubs as adults, and serve as a source of nitrogen for plants once they die [5]. They also function as an important link in the food chain as almost all insectivorous species will readily eat them when the adults emerge in the summer. Because cicadas emerge in the millions, they are fairly resilient to predation, making them an abundant and reliable food source [5]. However, cicadas can be considered a vulnerable group of [[insects]] as the nymphs are heavily affected by the application of pesticides as well as other lawn and garden chemicals [5].

== References ==

[1] Bennet-Clark, H. C., and D. Young. (1992). A MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS:32.

[2] cicada | Description, Life Cycle, & Facts. (n.d.). . https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada.

[3] Cicada - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. (n.d.). . https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html.

[4] Cicadas, facts and photos. 2011, May 10. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/cicadas.

[5] [[Periodical Cicadas]]. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas.

[6] Where Do Cicadas Live? Facts About Cicada Habitats. 2018, April 11. . https://www.orkin.com/other/cicadas/habitat.

Cicadas

2022-03-30T00:18:53Z

Datringa: /* Ecological Role */

[[File: cicada.jpg|thumb|Periodical Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-x-cicadas-could-cause-a-bird-baby-boom/]]
== Description ==
Cicadas are members of the family Cicadidae in the order Homoptera [2]. They have two pairs of membranous wings, two compound eyes as well as three simple eyes. Cicadas can range in size from 2 to 5 cm in length [2]. Their coloration can vary from bright orange and red patterns to iridescent greens and blues. Cicadas are easily identifiable by their recognizable vocalizations in the mid and late summer months. Male cicadas are responsible for these vocalizations which are produced by vibrating membranes which are located at the base of their abdomens [2]. The natural song frequency of a cicada is determined by the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana, which functions as an eardrum membrane in the abdomen [1]. North American species produce a series of rhythmical buzzes or whines, while exotic species produce more musical vocalizations [2]. Vocalizations are made for three reasons; for mating, as a sign of disturbance, or as a result of daily weather fluctuations and the songs produced by other nearby males [2].

== Annual vs. Periodical Cicadas ==
[[File: dogday.jpg|thumb|Dog-day Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html]]

Cicada species can be divided into two sub-categories based on the timing of their life cycles. Annual cicadas have a life cycle of two to five years and broods overlap, resulting in new adults every year [3]. An example of an annual cicada is the Dog-Day Cicada [3]. [[Periodical Cicadas]] do not appear every year and have life cycles of 13 to 17 years [3]. There are a total of seven species of cicada that are considered periodical, and all belong to the genus ''Magicicada''[3]. Of these seven species, four have a 17-year cycle and are generally found in the north, while the remaining three species have a 13-year cycle and are generally found in more southern regions [3]. Adult periodical cicadas typically emerge in May and June and are identifiable by their black bodies, striking red eyeballs and orange veined wings [3].

== Habitat and Range ==
Over 3,000 species of cicadas are known to exist, ranging in habitat from deserts, to grasslands and forests with most being situated in tropical environments [2]. Within these environments, cicadas inhabit regions with deciduous, woody trees and plants that can support their reproductive and nutritional needs [6]. Nymphs require environments with [[soil]] fertile enough to support complex root systems which they can feed upon as they grow [6]. Adults require woody plants with tender, thin twigs in which they can lay their eggs and also extract fluid from for food [5]. Annual cicadas can be found worldwide, while periodicals are restricted solely to the central and eastern regions of the United States [4].

== Life Cycle ==
The life cycle of a cicada begins with the laying of eggs in woody plant tissues that will later drop from the plant during or after egg hatching [2]. Female cicadas can lay up to 400 eggs spread over dozens of sites [4]. After 6 to 10 weeks, nymphs emerge from these eggs and burrow into the ground where they will sustain themselves on juices from roots of perennial plants [2]. The nymph phase of the cicada is spent entirely in underground burrows until they emerge to the surface and molt their shells to become adults [4]. [[File: molt.jpg|thumb|Molting Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada]] This event occurs in synchrony for all emerging adults as it is dependent on the year and soil temperature [4]. Once an adult, the sole purpose of the cicada is to mate and lay eggs. Because of this, the typical lifespan of the newly emerged adult cicadas is usually only about four to six weeks before they die. [4].

== Ecological Role ==
Cicadas play a beneficial role in the environment as they aerate the soil as nymphs, prune trees and shrubs as adults, and serve as a source of nitrogen for plants once they die [5]. They also function as an important link in the food chain as almost all insectivorous species will readily eat them when the adults emerge in the summer. Because cicadas emerge in the millions, they are fairly resilient to predation, making them an abundant and reliable food source [5]. However, cicadas can be considered a vulnerable group of [[insects]] as the nymphs are heavily affected by the application of pesticides as well as other lawn and garden chemicals [5].

== References ==

[1] Bennet-Clark, H. C., and D. Young. (1992). A MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS:32.

[2] cicada | Description, Life Cycle, & Facts. (n.d.). . https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada.

[3] Cicada - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. (n.d.). . https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html.

[4] Cicadas, facts and photos. 2011, May 10. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/cicadas.

[5] [[Periodical Cicadas]]. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas.

[6] Where Do Cicadas Live? Facts About Cicada Habitats. 2018, April 11. . https://www.orkin.com/other/cicadas/habitat.

Cicadas

2022-03-30T00:12:35Z

Datringa: /* Life Cycle */

[[File: cicada.jpg|thumb|Periodical Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-x-cicadas-could-cause-a-bird-baby-boom/]]
== Description ==
Cicadas are members of the family Cicadidae in the order Homoptera [2]. They have two pairs of membranous wings, two compound eyes as well as three simple eyes. Cicadas can range in size from 2 to 5 cm in length [2]. Their coloration can vary from bright orange and red patterns to iridescent greens and blues. Cicadas are easily identifiable by their recognizable vocalizations in the mid and late summer months. Male cicadas are responsible for these vocalizations which are produced by vibrating membranes which are located at the base of their abdomens [2]. The natural song frequency of a cicada is determined by the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana, which functions as an eardrum membrane in the abdomen [1]. North American species produce a series of rhythmical buzzes or whines, while exotic species produce more musical vocalizations [2]. Vocalizations are made for three reasons; for mating, as a sign of disturbance, or as a result of daily weather fluctuations and the songs produced by other nearby males [2].

== Annual vs. Periodical Cicadas ==
[[File: dogday.jpg|thumb|Dog-day Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html]]

Cicada species can be divided into two sub-categories based on the timing of their life cycles. Annual cicadas have a life cycle of two to five years and broods overlap, resulting in new adults every year [3]. An example of an annual cicada is the Dog-Day Cicada [3]. [[Periodical Cicadas]] do not appear every year and have life cycles of 13 to 17 years [3]. There are a total of seven species of cicada that are considered periodical, and all belong to the genus ''Magicicada''[3]. Of these seven species, four have a 17-year cycle and are generally found in the north, while the remaining three species have a 13-year cycle and are generally found in more southern regions [3]. Adult periodical cicadas typically emerge in May and June and are identifiable by their black bodies, striking red eyeballs and orange veined wings [3].

== Habitat and Range ==
Over 3,000 species of cicadas are known to exist, ranging in habitat from deserts, to grasslands and forests with most being situated in tropical environments [2]. Within these environments, cicadas inhabit regions with deciduous, woody trees and plants that can support their reproductive and nutritional needs [6]. Nymphs require environments with [[soil]] fertile enough to support complex root systems which they can feed upon as they grow [6]. Adults require woody plants with tender, thin twigs in which they can lay their eggs and also extract fluid from for food [5]. Annual cicadas can be found worldwide, while periodicals are restricted solely to the central and eastern regions of the United States [4].

== Life Cycle ==
The life cycle of a cicada begins with the laying of eggs in woody plant tissues that will later drop from the plant during or after egg hatching [2]. Female cicadas can lay up to 400 eggs spread over dozens of sites [4]. After 6 to 10 weeks, nymphs emerge from these eggs and burrow into the ground where they will sustain themselves on juices from roots of perennial plants [2]. The nymph phase of the cicada is spent entirely in underground burrows until they emerge to the surface and molt their shells to become adults [4]. [[File: molt.jpg|thumb|Molting Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada]] This event occurs in synchrony for all emerging adults as it is dependent on the year and soil temperature [4]. Once an adult, the sole purpose of the cicada is to mate and lay eggs. Because of this, the typical lifespan of the newly emerged adult cicadas is usually only about four to six weeks before they die. [4].

== Ecological Role ==
Cicadas play a beneficial role in the environment as they aerate the soil as nymphs, prune trees and shrubs as adults, and serve as a source of nitrogen for plants once they die [5]. They are also an important link in the food chain as almost all insectivorous species will eat them once they emerge in the summer. Because cicadas emerge in the millions, they are fairly resilient to predation, making them an abundant and reliable food source [5]. However, cicadas can be considered a vulnerable group of [[insects]] as nymphs are heavily affected by the application of pesticides and other lawn and garden chemicals [5].

== References ==

[1] Bennet-Clark, H. C., and D. Young. (1992). A MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS:32.

[2] cicada | Description, Life Cycle, & Facts. (n.d.). . https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada.

[3] Cicada - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. (n.d.). . https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html.

[4] Cicadas, facts and photos. 2011, May 10. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/cicadas.

[5] [[Periodical Cicadas]]. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas.

[6] Where Do Cicadas Live? Facts About Cicada Habitats. 2018, April 11. . https://www.orkin.com/other/cicadas/habitat.

Cicadas

2022-03-29T23:57:19Z

Datringa: /* Annual vs. Periodical Cicadas */

[[File: cicada.jpg|thumb|Periodical Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-x-cicadas-could-cause-a-bird-baby-boom/]]
== Description ==
Cicadas are members of the family Cicadidae in the order Homoptera [2]. They have two pairs of membranous wings, two compound eyes as well as three simple eyes. Cicadas can range in size from 2 to 5 cm in length [2]. Their coloration can vary from bright orange and red patterns to iridescent greens and blues. Cicadas are easily identifiable by their recognizable vocalizations in the mid and late summer months. Male cicadas are responsible for these vocalizations which are produced by vibrating membranes which are located at the base of their abdomens [2]. The natural song frequency of a cicada is determined by the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana, which functions as an eardrum membrane in the abdomen [1]. North American species produce a series of rhythmical buzzes or whines, while exotic species produce more musical vocalizations [2]. Vocalizations are made for three reasons; for mating, as a sign of disturbance, or as a result of daily weather fluctuations and the songs produced by other nearby males [2].

== Annual vs. Periodical Cicadas ==
[[File: dogday.jpg|thumb|Dog-day Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html]]

Cicada species can be divided into two sub-categories based on the timing of their life cycles. Annual cicadas have a life cycle of two to five years and broods overlap, resulting in new adults every year [3]. An example of an annual cicada is the Dog-Day Cicada [3]. [[Periodical Cicadas]] do not appear every year and have life cycles of 13 to 17 years [3]. There are a total of seven species of cicada that are considered periodical, and all belong to the genus ''Magicicada''[3]. Of these seven species, four have a 17-year cycle and are generally found in the north, while the remaining three species have a 13-year cycle and are generally found in more southern regions [3]. Adult periodical cicadas typically emerge in May and June and are identifiable by their black bodies, striking red eyeballs and orange veined wings [3].

== Habitat and Range ==
Over 3,000 species of cicadas are known to exist, ranging in habitat from deserts, to grasslands and forests with most being situated in tropical environments [2]. Within these environments, cicadas inhabit regions with deciduous, woody trees and plants that can support their reproductive and nutritional needs [6]. Nymphs require environments with [[soil]] fertile enough to support complex root systems which they can feed upon as they grow [6]. Adults require woody plants with tender, thin twigs in which they can lay their eggs and also extract fluid from for food [5]. Annual cicadas can be found worldwide, while periodicals are restricted solely to the central and eastern regions of the United States [4].

== Life Cycle ==
The life cycle of a cicada begins with the laying of eggs in woody plant tissues that will later drop from the plant during or after egg hatching [2]. Female cicadas can lay up to 400 eggs spread over dozens of sites [4]. After 6 to 10 weeks, nymphs emerge from these eggs and burrow into the ground where they will sustain themselves on juices from roots of perennial plants [2]. The nymph phase of the cicada is spent entirely in underground burrows until they emerge to the surface and molt their shells to become adults [4]. [[File: molt.jpg|thumb|Molting Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada]] This event occurs in synchrony for all nymphs becoming adults as it is dependent on the year and soil temperature [4]. Once an adult, the sole purpose of the cicada is to mate and lay eggs as they will only be alive for four to six weeks [4].

== Ecological Role ==
Cicadas play a beneficial role in the environment as they aerate the soil as nymphs, prune trees and shrubs as adults, and serve as a source of nitrogen for plants once they die [5]. They are also an important link in the food chain as almost all insectivorous species will eat them once they emerge in the summer. Because cicadas emerge in the millions, they are fairly resilient to predation, making them an abundant and reliable food source [5]. However, cicadas can be considered a vulnerable group of [[insects]] as nymphs are heavily affected by the application of pesticides and other lawn and garden chemicals [5].

== References ==

[1] Bennet-Clark, H. C., and D. Young. (1992). A MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS:32.

[2] cicada | Description, Life Cycle, & Facts. (n.d.). . https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada.

[3] Cicada - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. (n.d.). . https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html.

[4] Cicadas, facts and photos. 2011, May 10. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/cicadas.

[5] [[Periodical Cicadas]]. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas.

[6] Where Do Cicadas Live? Facts About Cicada Habitats. 2018, April 11. . https://www.orkin.com/other/cicadas/habitat.

Cicadas

2022-03-29T01:04:12Z

Datringa: /* Description */

[[File: cicada.jpg|thumb|Periodical Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-x-cicadas-could-cause-a-bird-baby-boom/]]
== Description ==
Cicadas are members of the family Cicadidae in the order Homoptera [2]. They have two pairs of membranous wings, two compound eyes as well as three simple eyes. Cicadas can range in size from 2 to 5 cm in length [2]. Their coloration can vary from bright orange and red patterns to iridescent greens and blues. Cicadas are easily identifiable by their recognizable vocalizations in the mid and late summer months. Male cicadas are responsible for these vocalizations which are produced by vibrating membranes which are located at the base of their abdomens [2]. The natural song frequency of a cicada is determined by the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana, which functions as an eardrum membrane in the abdomen [1]. North American species produce a series of rhythmical buzzes or whines, while exotic species produce more musical vocalizations [2]. Vocalizations are made for three reasons; for mating, as a sign of disturbance, or as a result of daily weather fluctuations and the songs produced by other nearby males [2].

== Annual vs. Periodical Cicadas ==
[[File: dogday.jpg|thumb|Dog-day Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html]]

Cicada species can be divided into two sub-categories based on the timing of their life cycles. Annual cicadas have a life cycle of two to five years and broods overlap, resulting in new adults every year [3]. An example of an annual cicada is the Dog-Day Cicada [3]. [[Periodical Cicadas]] do not appear every year and have life cycles of 13 to 17 years [3]. There is a total of seven cicada species that are considered periodical, and all belong to the genus ''Magicicada''[3]. Of these seven species, four have a 17-year cycle and are generally found in the north, while the remaining three species have a 13-year cycle and are generally found in more southern regions [3]. Adult periodical cicadas typically emerge in May and June and are identifiable by their black bodies, striking red eyeballs and orange veined wings [3].

== Habitat and Range ==
Over 3,000 species of cicadas are known to exist, ranging in habitat from deserts, to grasslands and forests with most being situated in tropical environments [2]. Within these environments, cicadas inhabit regions with deciduous, woody trees and plants that can support their reproductive and nutritional needs [6]. Nymphs require environments with [[soil]] fertile enough to support complex root systems which they can feed upon as they grow [6]. Adults require woody plants with tender, thin twigs in which they can lay their eggs and also extract fluid from for food [5]. Annual cicadas can be found worldwide, while periodicals are restricted solely to the central and eastern regions of the United States [4].

== Life Cycle ==
The life cycle of a cicada begins with the laying of eggs in woody plant tissues that will later drop from the plant during or after egg hatching [2]. Female cicadas can lay up to 400 eggs spread over dozens of sites [4]. After 6 to 10 weeks, nymphs emerge from these eggs and burrow into the ground where they will sustain themselves on juices from roots of perennial plants [2]. The nymph phase of the cicada is spent entirely in underground burrows until they emerge to the surface and molt their shells to become adults [4]. [[File: molt.jpg|thumb|Molting Cicada - ''Retrieved from'' https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada]] This event occurs in synchrony for all nymphs becoming adults as it is dependent on the year and soil temperature [4]. Once an adult, the sole purpose of the cicada is to mate and lay eggs as they will only be alive for four to six weeks [4].

== Ecological Role ==
Cicadas play a beneficial role in the environment as they aerate the soil as nymphs, prune trees and shrubs as adults, and serve as a source of nitrogen for plants once they die [5]. They are also an important link in the food chain as almost all insectivorous species will eat them once they emerge in the summer. Because cicadas emerge in the millions, they are fairly resilient to predation, making them an abundant and reliable food source [5]. However, cicadas can be considered a vulnerable group of [[insects]] as nymphs are heavily affected by the application of pesticides and other lawn and garden chemicals [5].

== References ==

[1] Bennet-Clark, H. C., and D. Young. (1992). A MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS:32.

[2] cicada | Description, Life Cycle, & Facts. (n.d.). . https://www.britannica.com/animal/cicada.

[3] Cicada - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. (n.d.). . https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/91895.html.

[4] Cicadas, facts and photos. 2011, May 10. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/cicadas.

[5] [[Periodical Cicadas]]. (n.d.). . https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Periodical-Cicadas.

[6] Where Do Cicadas Live? Facts About Cicada Habitats. 2018, April 11. . https://www.orkin.com/other/cicadas/habitat.