https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Colineck 2026-04-14T06:30:50Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3082 2018-05-11T13:36:04Z

<p>Colineck: /* Feeding */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and [[lichen]]/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal [[cilia]], it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The [[trophi]] are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called [[parthenogenesis]]. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. Reproduction in these creatures can be determined by phylum. The three classes of Rotifera reproduce with different mechanisms. ''Seisonidea'' reproduce exclusively bisexually, ''Bdelloidea'' reproduce exclusively by parthenogenesis, and ''Monogononta'' reproduce alternating these two mechanisms ([[heterogony]]). Parthenogenesis is the more dominant form because it promotes fast population growth and colonization.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these [[organisms]]. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to [[Nutrient Cycling]]. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=3081 2018-05-11T13:27:56Z

<p>Colineck: /* Classification */</p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:Giantmilli.jpg|thumb|center|African Millipede for scale[7]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of [[Arthropoda]] and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these [[organisms]] can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> [[File:MyriaAnat.jpg|thumb|right|Example of Myriapoda anatomy. Notice segements and appendages. The relationship between these body parts varies between classes and species [6]]]<br /> <br /> Because Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, this means they are [[invertebrates]] with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a [[spermatophore]], or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the [[larvae]] appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be [[monophyletic]], meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> [[Chilopoda]]-<br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Diplopoda]]- <br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are [[detrivores]], meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Symphyla]]- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered [[pests]] and can do considerable harm to [[agriculture]]. <br /> <br /> [[Pauropoda]]- <br /> [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> This class is often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, [[Arthropleuridea]] are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous, and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda with scale [5]]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> [6]<br /> “Centipede Anatomy | Diagrams and Facts About Centipedes.” Animal Corner, 29 Apr. 2008, animalcorner.co.uk/centipede-anatomy/.<br /> <br /> [7]<br /> Cleverly, Jonathan. “Meet the African Giant Millipedes .” Jonathan's Jungle Roadshow, www.jonathansjungleroadshow.co.uk/meet-the-african-giant-millipedes.html.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=3080 2018-05-11T13:26:26Z

<p>Colineck: /* Anatomy and Body Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:Giantmilli.jpg|thumb|center|African Millipede for scale[7]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of [[Arthropoda]] and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these [[organisms]] can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> [[File:MyriaAnat.jpg|thumb|right|Example of Myriapoda anatomy. Notice segements and appendages. The relationship between these body parts varies between classes and species [6]]]<br /> <br /> Because Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, this means they are [[invertebrates]] with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a [[spermatophore]], or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the [[larvae]] appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be [[monophyletic]], meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> [[Chilopoda]]-<br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Diplopoda]]- <br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are [[detrivores]], meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Symphyla]]- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> [[Pauropoda]]- <br /> [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, [[Arthropleuridea]] are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous, and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda with scale [5]]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> [6]<br /> “Centipede Anatomy | Diagrams and Facts About Centipedes.” Animal Corner, 29 Apr. 2008, animalcorner.co.uk/centipede-anatomy/.<br /> <br /> [7]<br /> Cleverly, Jonathan. “Meet the African Giant Millipedes .” Jonathan's Jungle Roadshow, www.jonathansjungleroadshow.co.uk/meet-the-african-giant-millipedes.html.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=3079 2018-05-11T13:24:01Z

<p>Colineck: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:Giantmilli.jpg|thumb|center|African Millipede for scale[7]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of [[Arthropoda]] and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these [[organisms]] can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> [[File:MyriaAnat.jpg|thumb|right|Example of Myriapoda anatomy. Notice segements and appendages. The relationship between these body parts varies between classes and species [6]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are [[invertebrates]] with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a [[spermatophore]], or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the [[larvae]] appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be [[monophyletic]], meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> [[Chilopoda]]-<br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Diplopoda]]- <br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are [[detrivores]], meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Symphyla]]- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> [[Pauropoda]]- <br /> [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, [[Arthropleuridea]] are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous, and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda with scale [5]]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> [6]<br /> “Centipede Anatomy | Diagrams and Facts About Centipedes.” Animal Corner, 29 Apr. 2008, animalcorner.co.uk/centipede-anatomy/.<br /> <br /> [7]<br /> Cleverly, Jonathan. “Meet the African Giant Millipedes .” Jonathan's Jungle Roadshow, www.jonathansjungleroadshow.co.uk/meet-the-african-giant-millipedes.html.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=3078 2018-05-11T13:23:33Z

<p>Colineck: /* Classification */</p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:Giantmilli.jpg|thumb|center|African Millipede for scale[7]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of [[Arthropoda]] and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these [[organisms]] can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> [[File:MyriaAnat.jpg|thumb|right|Example of Myriapoda anatomy. Notice segements and appendages. The relationship between these body parts varies between classes and species [6]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are [[invertebrates]] with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a [[spermatophore]], or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the [[larvae]] appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be [[monophyletic]], meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> [[Chilopoda]]-<br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Diplopoda]]- <br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are [[detrivores]], meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Symphyla]]- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> [[Pauropoda]]- <br /> [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, [[Arthropleuridea]] are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous, and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda[5]]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> [6]<br /> “Centipede Anatomy | Diagrams and Facts About Centipedes.” Animal Corner, 29 Apr. 2008, animalcorner.co.uk/centipede-anatomy/.<br /> <br /> [7]<br /> Cleverly, Jonathan. “Meet the African Giant Millipedes .” Jonathan's Jungle Roadshow, www.jonathansjungleroadshow.co.uk/meet-the-african-giant-millipedes.html.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=3077 2018-05-11T13:22:53Z

<p>Colineck: /* Classification */</p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:Giantmilli.jpg|thumb|center|African Millipede for scale[7]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of [[Arthropoda]] and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these [[organisms]] can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> [[File:MyriaAnat.jpg|thumb|right|Example of Myriapoda anatomy. Notice segements and appendages. The relationship between these body parts varies between classes and species [6]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are [[invertebrates]] with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a [[spermatophore]], or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the [[larvae]] appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be [[monophyletic]], meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> [[Chilopoda]]-<br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Diplopoda]]- <br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are [[detrivores]], meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Symphyla]]- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> [[Pauropoda]]- <br /> <br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi. [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, [[Arthropleuridea]] are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous, and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda[5]]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> [6]<br /> “Centipede Anatomy | Diagrams and Facts About Centipedes.” Animal Corner, 29 Apr. 2008, animalcorner.co.uk/centipede-anatomy/.<br /> <br /> [7]<br /> Cleverly, Jonathan. “Meet the African Giant Millipedes .” Jonathan's Jungle Roadshow, www.jonathansjungleroadshow.co.uk/meet-the-african-giant-millipedes.html.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=3076 2018-05-11T13:22:06Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:Giantmilli.jpg|thumb|center|African Millipede for scale[7]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of [[Arthropoda]] and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these [[organisms]] can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> [[File:MyriaAnat.jpg|thumb|right|Example of Myriapoda anatomy. Notice segements and appendages. The relationship between these body parts varies between classes and species [6]]]<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are [[invertebrates]] with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a [[spermatophore]], or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the [[larvae]] appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be [[monophyletic]], meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> [[Chilopoda]]-<br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|center|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Diplopoda]]- <br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|left|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are [[detrivores]], meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Symphyla]]- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> [[Pauropoda]]- <br /> <br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi. [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, [[Arthropleuridea]] are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous, and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda[5]]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> [6]<br /> “Centipede Anatomy | Diagrams and Facts About Centipedes.” Animal Corner, 29 Apr. 2008, animalcorner.co.uk/centipede-anatomy/.<br /> <br /> [7]<br /> Cleverly, Jonathan. “Meet the African Giant Millipedes .” Jonathan's Jungle Roadshow, www.jonathansjungleroadshow.co.uk/meet-the-african-giant-millipedes.html.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Giantmilli.jpg&diff=3075 2018-05-11T13:20:53Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:MyriaAnat.jpg&diff=3074 2018-05-11T13:10:28Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3073 2018-05-11T12:56:16Z

<p>Colineck: /* Feeding */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and [[lichen]]/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal [[cilia]], it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The [[trophi]] are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called [[parthenogenesis]]. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. Reproduction in these creatures can be determined by phylum. The three classes of Rotifera reproduce with different mechanisms. ''Seisonidea'' reproduce exclusively bisexually, ''Bdelloidea'' reproduce exclusively by parthenogenesis, and ''Monogononta'' reproduce alternating these two mechanisms ([[heterogony]]). Parthenogenesis is the more dominant form because it promotes fast population growth and colonization.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these [[organisms]]. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to [[nutrient cycling]]. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3072 2018-05-11T12:55:42Z

<p>Colineck: /* Reproduction */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and [[lichen]]/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal [[cilia]], it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The [[trophi]] are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called [[parthenogenesis]]. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. Reproduction in these creatures can be determined by phylum. The three classes of Rotifera reproduce with different mechanisms. ''Seisonidea'' reproduce exclusively bisexually, ''Bdelloidea'' reproduce exclusively by parthenogenesis, and ''Monogononta'' reproduce alternating these two mechanisms ([[heterogony]]). Parthenogenesis is the more dominant form because it promotes fast population growth and colonization.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these [[organisms]]. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3071 2018-05-11T12:54:31Z

<p>Colineck: /* Reproduction */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and [[lichen]]/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal [[cilia]], it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The [[trophi]] are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. Reproduction in these creatures can be determined by phylum. The three classes of Rotifera reproduce with different mechanisms. ''Seisonidea'' reproduce exclusively bisexually, ''Bdelloidea'' reproduce exclusively by [[parthenogenesis]], and ''Monogononta'' reproduce alternating these two mechanisms ([[heterogony]]). Parthenogenesis is the more dominant form because it promotes fast population growth and colonization.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these [[organisms]]. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3070 2018-05-11T12:48:52Z

<p>Colineck: /* Reproduction */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and [[lichen]]/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal [[cilia]], it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The [[trophi]] are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these [[organisms]]. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3069 2018-05-11T12:47:24Z

<p>Colineck: /* Anatomy and Body Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and [[lichen]]/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal [[cilia]], it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The [[trophi]] are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=3068 2018-05-11T12:46:43Z

<p>Colineck: /* Ciliates Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium[5]]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called [[Protozoa]], which means they are unicellular eukaryotic [[microorganisms]]. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their [[cilia]] or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to [[flagella]]. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''[[Paramecium]]'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''[[Tetrahymena]]'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''[[Stentor]]'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor[12]]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction[11]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction[10]]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [4] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [5] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [7] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [8] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [9] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [10] Mackean, D G. “Biological Drawings: Protista. Paramecium.” Biology Teaching and Learning Resources, www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-reproduction.html.<br /> <br /> [11] Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> [12] Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [13] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3067 2018-05-11T12:44:52Z

<p>Colineck: /* Rotifers Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and [[lichen]]/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal cilia, it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The trophi are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=3066 2018-05-11T12:44:03Z

<p>Colineck: /* Ciliates Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium[5]]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called [[Protozoa]], which means they are unicellular eukaryotic [[microorganisms]]. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''[[Paramecium]]'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''[[Tetrahymena]]'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''[[Stentor]]'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor[12]]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction[11]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction[10]]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [4] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [5] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [7] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [8] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [9] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [10] Mackean, D G. “Biological Drawings: Protista. Paramecium.” Biology Teaching and Learning Resources, www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-reproduction.html.<br /> <br /> [11] Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> [12] Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [13] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=3065 2018-05-11T12:42:47Z

<p>Colineck: /* Ciliates Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium[5]]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called [[Protozoa]], which means they are unicellular eukaryotic [[organisms]]. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''[[Paramecium]]'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''[[Tetrahymena]]'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''[[Stentor]]'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor[12]]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction[11]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction[10]]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [4] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [5] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [7] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [8] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [9] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [10] Mackean, D G. “Biological Drawings: Protista. Paramecium.” Biology Teaching and Learning Resources, www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-reproduction.html.<br /> <br /> [11] Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> [12] Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [13] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3064 2018-05-11T12:42:20Z

<p>Colineck: /* Rotifers Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic [[organisms]] that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and lichens/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal cilia, it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The trophi are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=3063 2018-05-11T12:40:20Z

<p>Colineck: /* Rotifers Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic organisms that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and lichens/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however, their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> ''[[Monogononta]]'' is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> ''[[Bdelloidea]]'' has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” ''[[Seisonidea]]'' has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some Rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal cilia, it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The trophi are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifera.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however, in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometers in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=3062 2018-05-11T12:37:48Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium[5]]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called [[Protozoa]], which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''[[Paramecium]]'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''[[Tetrahymena]]'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''[[Stentor]]'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor[12]]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction[11]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction[10]]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [4] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [5] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [7] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [8] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [9] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [10] Mackean, D G. “Biological Drawings: Protista. Paramecium.” Biology Teaching and Learning Resources, www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-reproduction.html.<br /> <br /> [11] Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> [12] Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [13] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=2568 2018-05-09T11:18:18Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium[5]]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called protozoa, which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)[3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''Paramecium'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''Tetrahymena'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''Stentor'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor[12]]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction[11]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction[10]]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [4] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [5] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [7] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [8] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [9] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [10] Mackean, D G. “Biological Drawings: Protista. Paramecium.” Biology Teaching and Learning Resources, www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-reproduction.html.<br /> <br /> [11] Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> [12] Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [13] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=2567 2018-05-09T11:15:15Z

<p>Colineck: /* Ciliates Overview */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called protozoa, which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''Paramecium'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''Tetrahymena'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''Stentor'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor[12]]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [4] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [5] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [7] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [8] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [9] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [10] Mackean, D G. “Biological Drawings: Protista. Paramecium.” Biology Teaching and Learning Resources, www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-reproduction.html.<br /> <br /> [11] Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> [12] Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [13] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=2566 2018-05-09T11:14:37Z

<p>Colineck: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called protozoa, which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''Paramecium'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''Tetrahymena'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''Stentor'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [4] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [5] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [7] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [8] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [9] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [10] Mackean, D G. “Biological Drawings: Protista. Paramecium.” Biology Teaching and Learning Resources, www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-reproduction.html.<br /> <br /> [11] Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> [12] Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [13] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=2563 2018-05-09T11:10:21Z

<p>Colineck: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called protozoa, which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''Paramecium'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''Tetrahymena'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''Stentor'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [3] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [4] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [5] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [7] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> Spiller, Marco. “Paramecium Reproduction.” BiologyWise, BiologyWise, biologywise.com/paramecium-reproduction.<br /> <br /> Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [8] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=2562 2018-05-09T11:07:59Z

<p>Colineck: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called protozoa, which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''Paramecium'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''Tetrahymena'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''Stentor'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [3] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [4] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [5] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [7] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> Slabodnick, Mark M., and Wallace F. Marshall. “Stentor Coeruleus.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Sept. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036449/.<br /> <br /> [8] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=2560 2018-05-09T11:05:57Z

<p>Colineck: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called protozoa, which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''Paramecium'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''Tetrahymena'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''Stentor'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] Chu, Jennifer. “The First Hairy Microbes.” MIT News, 16 Nov. 2011, news.mit.edu/2011/hairy-microbes-1116.<br /> <br /> [3] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [4] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [5] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [7] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [8] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ciliates&diff=2557 2018-05-09T11:04:02Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Ciliates Overview == <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki5.jpg|right|thumb|Paramecium]]<br /> <br /> Ciliates are part of a group called protozoa, which means they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. <br /> There are around 3,500 species that have been described by scientists with the potential of thousands more to still be discovered. Ciliate species can have a wide range in not only size, but complexity. These species can measure anywhere from 10 µm to as large as 4 mm long and include some of the most morphologically advanced protozoans.<br /> <br /> Ciliates are easily recognized by their cilia or hair-like organelles which are structurally similar to flagella. These organelles can be found in most members of the group. Cilia are more numerous and generally shorter than flagella. and are variously used in swimming, eating, staying in place, and other general movement. <br /> <br /> Ciliates are protists and love water. These organisms can be found almost anywhere there is water. Besides soil, Ciliates can be found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and even oceans.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The oldest ciliate fossils known are from the Ordovician Period. A separate description of fossil ciliates was published in 2007, of which came from the Doushantuo Formation in the Ediacaran Period. Ciliate fossils are extremely rare. Only a very few have been found preserved in amber or extremely fast phosphatization under unusual marine conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:wiki7.png|right|thumb|First Hairy Microbe (Tiny Fossils of First Known Ciliates)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Examples of Ciliates:''' <br /> <br /> ''Paramecium'' : First ciliate to be used extensively for genetic studies, because conjugation could be controlled. Normally feeds on bacteria.<br /> <br /> ''Tetrahymena'' : Used in genetics because of methods for controlling conjugation so that it occurs synchronously in a large populations. Relatively easy to isolate the two kinds of nuclei. <br /> <br /> ''Stentor'' : Large ciliate used for grafting and micromanipulations. Its morphology of its outer layer is revealed by bands of blue pigment.<br /> <br /> [[File:wiki6.jpg|center|thumb|Stentor]]<br /> <br /> == Cell Structure ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Nuclei'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates have a set of two different of nuclei, which is different from most protists. The first is called the diploid micronucleus, which is the smaller of the two. This nucleus carries the germline of the cell and is used to pass genetic material to offspring, meaning it is specialized for sexual exchange. As such, this nucleus does not contain nucleoli, meaning the micronucleus does not share its genes. The second, larger, nucleus is called the polyploid macronucleus, which takes care of general cell regulation. The macronucleus is formed by the micronucleus and displays the phenotype of the organism. The macronucleus is what allows vegetative growth because it is specialized with nucleoli to move RNA into ribosomes. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki1.png|center]]<br /> <br /> '''Conjunction''' <br /> <br /> This is the process Ciliates must go through when the macronucleus needs to be regenerated due to cell age. The process involves two cells lining up and the micronuclei undergoing meiosis then fuse to form new micronuclei and macronuclei. Conjunction results in genetic recombination and nuclear reorganization within the cell. In most cases, the two partners are similar in size and shape. In uncommon situations, the conjoining cells may become permanently fused. This results in the conjugant cell being absorbed by the other cell.<br /> <br /> '''Cell Body'''<br /> <br /> Ciliates also contain several vacuoles that enclose food and waste. Digestive vacuoles form in the gullet as food particles are ingested, and then are circulated through the cell. Any remaining waste in these vacuoles is discharged through a point in the cell membrane called the cytoproct. Ciliates also have contractile vacuoles, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain osmotic pressure.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki3.jpg|left|thumb|Binary Reproduction]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Ciliates reproduce asexually. This process involves various cases of fusion, incliuding binary. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus undergoes amitosis. Afterwards, the cell divides in two, each with a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus. <br /> <br /> [[File:Wiki4.jpg|thumb|Asexual Reproduction]] <br /> <br /> The other types of fission that can occur in ciliate groups include:<br /> <br /> '''Budding''': the emergence of small offspring from the body of a mature parent<br /> <br /> '''Strobilation''': multiple divisions along the cell body, producing chain of new organisms<br /> <br /> '''Palintomy''': multiple fissions, usually within a cyst<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Ciliates are mostly heterotrophic, meaning they feed on smaller organisms. Food such as bacteria and algae, are swept into the”mouth” by the organism’s cilia. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.<br /> Feeding techniques vary from species to species. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by osmotrophy, while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa. There are also ciliates that parasitize animals.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] Beaver, John, and Thomas Crisman. “Microbial Ecology.” Microbial Ecology, 2nd ed., vol. 17, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 111–136. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [2] Berthold, A., and M. Palzenberger. “Biology and Fertility of Soils.” Biology and Fertility of Soils, 4th ed., vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp. 348–356. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> [3] “Ciliates.” Ciliates, California Institute of Technology.<br /> <br /> [4] Collins, Kyle. “Biology IV.” Biology IV ​Evolution &amp; Zoology, kylecollinsbiology.weebly.com/biology-iv.html.<br /> <br /> [5] Ekelund, Flemming, and Reginn Ronn. “Notes on Protozoa in Agricultural Soil with Emphasis on Heterotrophic Flagellates and Naked Amoebae and Their Ecology.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 321–353. Wiley Online Library.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; Berger, Helmut. (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology. 35.<br /> <br /> [6] Foissner, Wilhelm &amp; O'Donoghue, PJ. (1989). Morphology and infraciliature of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa : Ciliophora) from Western and South Australia. Invertebrate Systematics - INVERTEBR SYST. 3. 10.<br /> <br /> [7] Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). &quot;Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China&quot;. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286: 151–156.<br /> <br /> [8] Waggoner, Ben. “Ciliata: Morphology.” More on Morphology of the Ciliata, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2 Dec. 1995.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2556 2018-05-09T10:57:35Z

<p>Colineck: /* List of Possible Topics: */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Springtail]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Hydraulic Actions of Water]] [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]'', [[Annelids]]<br /> [[Moss]], [[Pseudoscorpions]], [[Drilosphere]], [[Myriapoda]]<br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=2555 2018-05-09T10:53:10Z

<p>Colineck: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of Arthropoda and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these organisms can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are invertebrates with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a spermatophore, or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the larvae appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be monophyletic, meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> Chilopoda-<br /> <br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> <br /> Diplopoda- <br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are detrivorous, meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> Symphyla- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> Pauropoda- <br /> <br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi. [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, Arthropleuridea are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous, and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda[5]]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=2554 2018-05-09T10:52:01Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of Arthropoda and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these organisms can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede[1]]]<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are invertebrates with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a spermatophore, or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the larvae appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be monophyletic, meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> Chilopoda-<br /> <br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda[2]]]<br /> <br /> Diplopoda- <br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are detrivorous, meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla[3]]]<br /> <br /> Symphyla- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> Pauropoda- <br /> <br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi. [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda[4]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, Arthropleuridea are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda[5]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [5]<br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> [2]<br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> [3]<br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> [1]<br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> [4]<br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=2552 2018-05-09T10:49:35Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of Arthropoda and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these organisms can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> [[File:Millipede1.png|thumb|right|Millipede]]<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are invertebrates with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a spermatophore, or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the larvae appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be monophyletic, meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> Chilopoda-<br /> <br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> [[File:Centipede1.jpg|thumb|right|Chilopoda]]<br /> <br /> Diplopoda- <br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are detrivorous, meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> <br /> [[File:Symphyla1.jpg|thumb|right|Symphyla]]<br /> <br /> Symphyla- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> Pauropoda- <br /> <br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi. [[File:Pauropoda1.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, Arthropleuridea are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long. [[File:GiantMyria.png|thumb|right|Ancient Myriapoda]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “8 Earth History.” An Introduction to Geology, Salt Lake Community College, opengeology.org/textbook/8-earth-history/.<br /> <br /> “Anthropoda - Myriapoda.” Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Accessory Sex Glands, by K. G. Adiyodi et al., vol. 3, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1988, pp. 473–476.<br /> <br /> Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. “Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2007, pp. 151–170., doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326.<br /> <br /> “Facts about Centipede: Appearance, Habitat, Symptoms, and Treatments.” Insect Pest Facts, 10 Jan. 2018, www.insectpestfacts.com/centipede/.<br /> <br /> “Garden Symphylans.” Symphylan Identification, Oregon State University, mint.ippc.orst.edu/symphid.htm.<br /> <br /> “The Geological Record and Phylogeny of the Myriapoda.” Arthropod Structure &amp; Development, by David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel, 2nd-3rd ed., vol. 39, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 174–190.<br /> <br /> Haulter, Josh. “How Do I Create a BioActive Vivarium?” TheBioDude, 2 Jan. 2017, www.thebiodude.com/blogs/how-do-i-create-a-bioactive-vivarium.<br /> <br /> Miyazawa, Hideyuki, et al. “Molecular Phylogeny of Myriapoda Provides Insights into Evolutionary Patterns of the Mode in Post-Embryonic Development.” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1038/srep04127.<br /> <br /> Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> Waggoner, Ben. “Introduction to the Myriapoda.” University Of California Museum of Paleontology, University Of California at Berkeley, 21 Feb. 1996, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/myriapoda.html.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Pauropoda1.jpg&diff=2551 2018-05-09T10:43:25Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:GiantMyria.png&diff=2550 2018-05-09T10:40:29Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Symphyla1.jpg&diff=2549 2018-05-09T10:33:58Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Millipede1.png&diff=2548 2018-05-09T10:28:52Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Centipede1.jpg&diff=2547 2018-05-09T10:25:37Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Myriapoda&diff=2258 2018-05-09T01:51:33Z

<p>Colineck: Created page with &quot;== Myriapoda Overview == Myriapoda is a subphylum of Arthropoda and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millip...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Myriapoda Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Myriapoda is a subphylum of Arthropoda and contains over 13,000 species, almost all of which are terrestrial. Species include various millipedes and centipedes, among others. The group is named “Myriapod” after one of their most distinguishable features, their myriad of legs. While this suggests their number of legs is countless, in reality myriapods range anywhere from having nearly 200 pairs of appendages to fewer than ten. The size of these organisms can vary as well; some species are microscopic while others can reach lengths of over 30 cm.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> Myriapoda are part of the group Arthopoda, meaning they are invertebrates with segmented bodies. Pairs of appendages are connected to these segments and are used for movement, sensory, hunting, etc. They also have a single pair of antennae, with many species having eyes.The mouth lies on the underside of the head, with a pair of mandibles inside. The heart in myriapods is a long tubular organ that extends through the body instead of having blood vessels.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> In order to reproduce, the male myriapod produces a spermatophore, or sperm capsule which is transferred to the female externally. The female uses this capsule to lay its eggs. When they hatch, the larvae appear as smaller versions of the adults, with only a few segments and few pairs of legs. Additional segments and leg pairs develop as the organism moults and grows.<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> <br /> There are four groups of Myriapoda. Each of these groups is believed to be monophyletic, meaning they descended from a common ancestor, however the specific relationships between them are less certain and not yet completely understood. <br /> <br /> Chilopoda-<br /> <br /> This class includes true centipedes like the one shown. These organisms have only one pair of legs per body segment, including a modified pair of claws or mandibles at the front of the insect. Centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354, although they will always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Some species are equipped with poison glands, which are used to hunt/capture prey, meaning centipedes are carnivorous. There are an estimated 8,000 species of centipede while only 3,000 have been described. <br /> <br /> Diplopoda- <br /> <br /> This class is dominated by myriapods called Millipedes. The segments that make up the bodies of these organisms were formed by the fusion of two adjacent embryonic segments; meaning, each segment of a millipede bears two pairs of legs. This explains the name Diplopoda which means “double legs”. There are 16 orders and around 140 families classified off this class, making Diplopoda the largest of the myriapoda classes. Millipedes are unlike centipedes in that they are very slow moving and are detrivorous, meaning they feed on decaying litter and vegetation. However, some eat fungi and a very small minority are predatory. <br /> <br /> Symphyla- <br /> <br /> This class consists of very small, soil-dwelling, myriapods that resemble translucent centipedes (although are more closely related to millipedes). Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but as they grow, eventually develop twelve pairs of legs. These organisms use their long antennae as sense organs because they lack eyes. They are typically found in soil from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They move through the pores between soil particles and consume decaying vegetation. Despite this, Symphyla are considered pests and can do considerable harm to agriculture. <br /> <br /> Pauropoda- <br /> <br /> This class if often referred to as pseudocentipedes because of how similar in appearance they are to their relatives. However, the similarities mostly stop there. These organisms are very small and pale and feed on mold and different forms of fungi.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> There are Cambrian fossils that exist which resemble myriapods, however the oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil is of a millipede from around 428 million years ago (Silurian Period). <br /> <br /> An ancient class of Myriapoda, Arthropleuridea are now extinct. Dying out in the Permian, some members of this class are most famously known as giant millipedes. These arthropods were some of the largest to ever live, were probably herbivorous and were thought to reach sizes of 3 metres long.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Talk:Erythraeidae&diff=1794 2018-04-26T16:45:59Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div>Peer Review:<br /> <br /> I think you did a good job with discussing the anatomy and body structure. I believe that a little more can be said about the Erythraeidae's feeding patterns as well as reproduction. You discussed their 3 stages of growth, but I believe more info is needed. Are these mites live born as larvae? Or do females produce eggs which then hatch as larvae? Also need to discuss what separates these mites from others. It is mentioned that they prey on pests and some on invertebrates which is a start, but I believe more detail would really help people understand these little guys better.<br /> Otherwise well organized and written.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Talk:Erythraeidae&diff=1793 2018-04-26T16:45:14Z

<p>Colineck: Created page with &quot;Peer Review: I think you did a good job with discussing the anatomy and body structure. I believe that a little more can be said about the Erythraeidae&#039;s feeding patterns as...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Peer Review:<br /> <br /> I think you did a good job with discussing the anatomy and body structure. I believe that a little more can be said about the Erythraeidae's feeding patterns as well as reproduction. You discussed their 3 stages of growth, but I believe more info is needed. Are these mites live born as larvae? Or do females produce eggs which then hatch as larvae? Also need to discuss what separates prostigmatic mites from other species. It is mentioned that they prey on pests and some on invertebrates which is a start, but I believe more detail would really help people understand these little guys better.<br /> Otherwise well organized and written.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Talk:Annelids&diff=1792 2018-04-26T16:26:56Z

<p>Colineck: Created page with &quot;Peer Review: Structure of the section &quot;classification&quot; ended up a little wacky just an fyi Good content overall, only suggestions I&#039;d offer is maybe discuss feeding habits mo...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Peer Review:<br /> <br /> Structure of the section &quot;classification&quot; ended up a little wacky just an fyi<br /> Good content overall, only suggestions I'd offer is maybe discuss feeding habits more in depth (unless I missed it) and to possibly reconsider how you rearrange given information (particularly in the intro). Seems like a conglomerate of information thrown at the reader at once. Breaking into smaller, more focused paragraphs or even bullet points could be effective. Good work though, just my opinions.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Annelids&diff=1791 2018-04-26T16:21:28Z

<p>Colineck: /* Classification */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Earthworm.jpg|400px|thumb|left| Picture of an earthworm taken on 4/14/2018]]Annelids, or segmented worms, are segmented bilaterian invertebrates that are very important to a variety of marine and terrestrial environments. All annelids have a central body cavity called a coelom, bristles called setae, and segments called annulations which they are named after. There are three major groups of of annelids; the class Polychaeta which are almost entirely marine in nature and the subclasses of Oligochaeta which are earthworms and their relatives, and Hirudinea which are leeches. Among these groups there are approximately 17,000 described species. Many of the species of annelids reproduce sexually and are hermaphroditic, but some are able to asexually reproduce. Annelids are found across the entire planet in almost every kind of environment imaginable. Annelids are generally soft tissue organisms, but there is evidence of them in the fossil record dating back to the Ordovician period.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> Annelids belong to the clade Lophotrochozoa. This clade includes the phyla Mollusca, Sipuncula, Brachiopodia, and Phorondia. [1] The two major groups of <br /> annelids are the cilliates and polychaetes. Cilliates include members of the subclasses oligochaeta (eg. earthworms) and hirundinea (leeches). Oligochaetea are primarily terestrial, preferring damp soil, while leeches are mostly made up of freshwater aquatic species. Polychaetes are almost entirely made up of marine species, but a few freshwater species do exist.[1] There are abut 17,000 species of annelid and about 12,000 of them are members of polychaetes. Polychates are then divided into two groups dependent on if they are mostly mobile throughout life or if they live in tubes or burrows for the majority of their existence. There are also about 42 different groups of cilliates[2].[[File:Leech.jpg|200px|thumb|right| ''Haemadipsa picta'' or the Tiger Leech member of the hirundinea subclass]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Distribution and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> Annelids, due to their incredible diversity, live in nearly every habitat on planet, however they have no means of protecting themselves from desiccation, therefore they prefer to live in wet environments. These environments include oceanic sea floors, freshwater systems, and damp soil.[3] The class Polychaeta are primarily benthic organisms that can live in saline, brackish, or freshwater environments. Their distribution in these areas are primarily controlled by the space available to them, the dissolved oxygen content in the water, the rate of movement of the water, and the relative salinity and temperature of the water to the Polychaeta.[4] Oligochaetes are primarily found in the soil but a few are found in aquatic environments, and leeches are almost entirely aquatic or limited to humid areas.[3]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Morphology/Anatomy ==<br /> Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical animals. The entire body of an annelid is composed of segments. They are named after the Latin word &quot;anellus&quot; which means little ring.[2] These segments can grow in number as the annelid grows in length, with exception of leeches which can have 34 segments and grow by expanding those 34 segments.[3] Annelids also have setae, or chaetae, which are long filaments or hooked structures made up up many chitinous cylinders held together by sclerotinized proteins.[2] These seatae are important in anchoring the annelids down and to help them move up surfaces. <br /> <br /> [[File:EarthwormCrossSection.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Cross section of an earthworm]]<br /> <br /> The digestive tract of an annelid is essentially one tube that runs from the mouth of the organism to the anus. The area between the inner cavity and the outside of the annelid is called the coelem. This area is filled with a coelemic fluid that also contains the other organ systems of the animals. This fluid is very important for a variety of functions of the organism such as locomotion, osmoregulation, and multiple metabolic processes among others. In polychaetes this fluid is also used to keep the worm's salt levels similar to the surrounding water. The coelmic fluids of leeches are filled with connective tissue and becomes more so as the leech ages. Oxygen is generally absorbed through the skin of the annelid and passed through the body by a closed circulatory system.[3]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle and Reproduction ==<br /> [[File:Earthwormsmating.jpg|200px|thumb|Left|Two earthworms mating. The sperm and eggs are exchanged between the two partners]]<br /> Many terrestrial annelids are hermaphroditic, while many polychaete have defined male and female sexes for spawning[2]. In oligochaetes the exchange of gametes go both ways with the sperm and eggs being exchanged between both partners. This is done in a head to tail position and then the eggs become enveloped in a mucus cocoon from the clitellum where the eggs are actually fertilized.[3] The eggs hatch and do not undergo a larval stage, they just hatch as small oligochates. Polychaete spawn near the surface marine environments. When they want to spawn they will swim to the surface and the females will release the eggs and the males will fertilize them.[5] The worms then undergo various stages of development under the protection of their mother until they are fully developed displaying a type of brooding behavior[5]. [[File:Bobbit Worm.jpg|200px|thumb|Right|''Eunice aphroditois'' <br /> or the Bobbit Worm, an aquatic predatory polychaete worm that buries beneath sediments to ambush prey]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> Oligochaetes are the main annelids found in soil. Earthworms are a major member of oligochaetes and of which there are about 3500 members living in soil. Earthworms are considered ecosystem engineers because of the role they play in the structure of soils and the diversity of the soil ecosystem. Earthworms either get their food from the surface leaf litter or the organic residue found in soil.[6] The majority of organics that an earthworm will ingest are from dead plant matter, but they will also consume living animals such as nematodes and other microfauna.[6] Earthworms prefer foods with a high nitrogen content and they also eat to burrow as well. As they burrow they leave nutrient rich casts which are important for returning nutrients to the soil. This aerates the soil, provides more nutrient for living plants, and helps prevent erosion. These nutrient rich casts are a big reason why earthworms are important to agriculture and why they are sought out when planting an new field.[6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1. Parry, L. , Tanner, A. , Vinther, J. and Smith, A. (2014), The origin of annelids. Palaeontology, 57: 1091-1103. doi:10.1111/pala.12129<br /> <br /> 2. Rouse, G. W. (2001). Annelida (Segmented Worms). In eLS, (Ed.). doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001599<br /> <br /> 3. Reish, D. J. (2013, December 18). Annelid. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/animal/annelid<br /> <br /> 4. Lardicci, C. , Abbiati, M. , Crema, R. , Morri, C. , Bianchi, C. N. and Castelli, A. (1993), The Distribution of Polychaetes Along Environmental Gradients: An Example from the Or betel I o Lagoon, Italy. Marine Ecology, 14: 35-52. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00363.x<br /> <br /> 5. Annie Mercier, Sandrine Baillon, Jean-François Hamel,Life history and seasonal breeding of the deep-sea annelid Ophryotrocha sp. (Polychaeta: Dorvelleidae),Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers,Volume 91,2014,Pages 27-35,ISSN 0967-0637,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.05.007.<br /> <br /> 6. Lenardt, A. (2014, April 7). The Role of Earthworms in Soil Systems. Retrieved April 14, 2018, from https://blogs.unbc.ca/biol202/2014/04/07/the-role-of-earthworms-in-soil-systems/</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Talk:Aggregate_formation&diff=1790 2018-04-26T16:18:03Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div>Peer Review:<br /> There is a sentence in the Macro section that reads : The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition, which impacts the way aggregates form. This reads clunky and is almost a sentence and a run-off.<br /> <br /> -&gt; Consider the structure of this sentence. For example, in my opinion &quot;The formation of aggregates is impacted by the breakdown of different types of detritus because it leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition.&quot; is easier to read. Love the content and just offering a suggestion.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Talk:Aggregate_formation&diff=1789 2018-04-26T16:17:10Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div>Peer Review:<br /> There is a sentence in the Macro section that reads : The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition, which impacts the way aggregates form. This reads clunky and is almost a sentence and a run-off.<br /> Consider the structure of this sentence. For example, in my opinion &quot;The formation of aggregates is impacted by the breakdown of different types of detritus because it leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition.&quot; is easier to read. Love the content and just offering a suggestion.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Talk:Aggregate_formation&diff=1788 2018-04-26T16:16:41Z

<p>Colineck: Created page with &quot;Peer Review: There is a sentence in the Macro section that reads : The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition, w...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Peer Review:<br /> There is a sentence in the Macro section that reads : The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition, which impacts the way aggregates form. This reads clunky and is almost a sentence and a run-off.<br /> <br /> Consider the structure of this sentence. For example, in my opinion &quot;The formation of aggregates is impacted by the breakdown of different types of detritus because it leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition.&quot; is easier to read. Love the content and just offering a suggestion.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=1648 2018-04-20T13:23:19Z

<p>Colineck: /* Anatomy and Body Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic organisms that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and lichens/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> Monogononta is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> Bdelloidea has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” Seisonidea has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream using the coronal cilia, it sweeps food into the mouth. Inside the mouth is the pharynx, which works as a chewing tube that has a powerful muscular wall. It also contains the tiny, calcified, jaw-like trophi. The trophi are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally, when really the internal structure is uniform. The trunk includes the stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach connects to the short intestine. The stomach stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. The trunk also includes up to seven salivary glands which are present in some Rotifora.<br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometres in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1646 2018-04-20T13:12:50Z

<p>Colineck: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]]<br /> <br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=1645 2018-04-20T13:11:47Z

<p>Colineck: /* Reproduction */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic organisms that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and lichens/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> Monogononta is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> Bdelloidea has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” Seisonidea has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream, catching and grinding up its food with its trophi, which act as jaws. The trophi are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs, including the stomach and reproductive organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally, when really the internal structure is uniform. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent. <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometres in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=1643 2018-04-20T13:11:25Z

<p>Colineck: /* Feeding */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic organisms that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and lichens/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> Monogononta is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> Bdelloidea has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” Seisonidea has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream, catching and grinding up its food with its trophi, which act as jaws. The trophi are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs, including the stomach and reproductive organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally, when really the internal structure is uniform. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent. <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. <br /> <br /> The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometres in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rotifers&diff=1642 2018-04-20T13:11:05Z

<p>Colineck: /* Reproduction */</p> <hr /> <div>== Rotifers Overview == <br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are microscopic organisms that make up the phylum of Rotifera. Rotifers are found in a variety of water environments. This includes moisture in the soil, where the organisms survive within the thin films of water that are formed around particles of soil. Other locations rotifers can be found include pond/lake bottoms or other still water locations as well as leaf litter, dead trees, and lichens/mosses. <br /> <br /> [[File:Rotifer3.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer under Microscope [3]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> First described in 1696, most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm long, however their size isn’t limited to that range. Rotifers have many different forms, their body shapes ranging from spherical, to wide and flattened, or long and thin. <br /> <br /> About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is split into three classes:<br /> <br /> Monogononta is the largest with over 1500 species<br /> <br /> Bdelloidea has around 350 species<br /> <br /> The “primitive” Seisonidea has just 2 species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rotifers are not commonly favored for fossilization because of their small size and soft bodies. Their only hard parts, their jaws, may be preserved for fossil records, but their microscopic size makes detection very difficult.<br /> <br /> == Anatomy and Body Structure==<br /> <br /> <br /> A rotifer’s body can be divided into three regions: trunk, head, and foot. In some rotifera the foot may be absent, depending on whether the species is sedentary or free swimming. <br /> [[File:Anat_Rot1.jpg|thumb|right|Anatomy Of Rotifer [1]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Head'''<br /> <br /> In most species, the head carries a crown shaped organ, a ciliated structure called the Corona. Rotifers use this structure to create a vortex that funnels water into the organism’s mouth. The rotifer sifts through the stream, catching and grinding up its food with its trophi, which act as jaws. The trophi are characteristic of rotifers and nearly all species have them. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trunk''' <br /> <br /> The trunk of this organism encloses most of its internal organs, including the stomach and reproductive organs. It is the largest portion and forms most of the body of the rotifer. The trunk is segmented externally, making it appear segmented internally, when really the internal structure is uniform. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Foot'''<br /> <br /> The foot ends in a series of &quot;toes&quot; containing a cement gland to attach the animal to nearby objects or substratum. Most species can retract the foot partially or entirely into the trunk, however in many free-swimming species, the foot may be very small or even absent. <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Reproduction in rotifers is a bit strange. There are several forms of reproduction observed in rotifers. Some species use a form called parthenogenesis. In these cases, the species can develop asexually from an unfertilized egg. <br /> <br /> In other cases, species reproduce sexually, with the males usually only surviving long enough to produce sperm to fertilize eggs. The fertilized eggs then form resistant zygotes that can survive if the local water supply should dry up. The eggs are released into the water where they hatch. <br /> <br /> There is no particular breeding season with these animals. Up to 7 eggs can be released at one time and will hatch within 12 hours. Upon hatching, rotifers need about 18 hours to reach sexual maturity.<br /> [[File:Rotifer2.jpg|thumb|right|Rotifer with egg attached to foot/stalk [2]]]<br /> <br /> == Feeding ==<br /> <br /> Rotifers’ diet must consist of matter small enough for their tiny mouths during filter feeding because they are microscopic. While primarily omnivorous, some species have been known to be cannibalistic. The diet of rotifers includes particles up to 10 micrometres in size, which most commonly consists of organic detritus and dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They also contribute to nutrient recycling. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs. <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> “Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution.” Zootaxa, by Hendrik Segers, vol. 1564, Magnolia Press, 2007, pp. 1–104.<br /> <br /> [2]<br /> Baqai , Aisha, et al. “Rotifers : the ‘Wheel Animalcules.’” Introduction to the Rotifera, University Of California at Berkeley, 1 May 2000..<br /> <br /> “Environmental and Endogenous Control of Sexuality in a Rotifer Life Cycle: Developmental and Population Biology.” Evolution And Development, by John J Gilbert, 1st ed., vol. 5, pp. 19–24.<br /> <br /> “Epizoic and Parasitic Rotifers.” Hydrobiologia, by L. May, vol. 186, 1989, pp. 59–67. SpringerLink.<br /> <br /> Gilbert, John J. “Rotifer Ecology and Embryological Induction.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Mar. 1966.<br /> <br /> Herzig A. (1987) The analysis of planktonic rotifer populations: A plea for long-term investigations. In: May L., Wallace R., Herzig A. (eds) Rotifer Symposium IV. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> [3]<br /> “Rotifers. A General Introduction.” Micrographia, 1978, www.micrographia.com/specbiol/rotife/homebdel/bdel0100.htm<br /> <br /> [1]<br /> Webster, Thomas, et al. “Bdelloid Rotifers: Female Filter Feeders.” Www.amateurmicroscopy.net...Bdelloid Rotifers, 2003, www.photomacrography.net/amateurmicroscopy/Articles/Rotifers/rotifers.htm.<br /> <br /> Wright, Jeremy. “Rotifera (Wheel or Whirling Animals).” Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2014.</div>

Colineck