https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Cjfinn2 2026-04-14T07:28:54Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4545 2019-05-06T12:54:44Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Projapygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed [12]. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. They are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but some predatory activities have been observed [12]. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are characterized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci [12].<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4544 2019-05-06T12:54:20Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Projapygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed [12]. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. They are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but some predatory activities have been observed [12]. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are characterized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci [12].<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4543 2019-05-06T12:53:59Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Campodeoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed [12]. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. They are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but some predatory activities have been observed [12]. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are characterized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci [12].<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4432 2019-05-06T00:40:02Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Pauropoda Orders */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. No reliable internal phylogenies for pauropoda have been proposed, and they are taxonomically understudied [3].<br /> [[File:Pauropodas.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda [5]]]<br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|left|Pauropoda [5]]]<br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Behavior (Schaller 2004)==<br /> Pauropods have a patchy occurrence and can often be found on the underside of stone and tree branches. They are swift runners with mouse-like intermittent rushes and most species can turn its body almost 180°. Shy of light they try to stay hidden in crevices and in soil clumps. To examine the environment there antenna constantly rotate with high rapidity. The sexes are separate and the males drop there sperm in spherical packets which the females will seek out and pick up. Vertical migration occurs when there is changes in soil moisture levels. <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 5. Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4431 2019-05-06T00:39:42Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. No reliable internal phylogenies for pauropoda have been proposed, and they are taxonomically understudied [3].<br /> [[File:Pauropodas.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda [5]]]<br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|left|Pauropoda [5]]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Behavior (Schaller 2004)==<br /> Pauropods have a patchy occurrence and can often be found on the underside of stone and tree branches. They are swift runners with mouse-like intermittent rushes and most species can turn its body almost 180°. Shy of light they try to stay hidden in crevices and in soil clumps. To examine the environment there antenna constantly rotate with high rapidity. The sexes are separate and the males drop there sperm in spherical packets which the females will seek out and pick up. Vertical migration occurs when there is changes in soil moisture levels. <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 5. Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4430 2019-05-06T00:39:15Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. No reliable internal phylogenies for pauropoda have been proposed, and they are taxonomically understudied [3].<br /> [[File:Pauropodas.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda [5]]]<br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda [5]]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Behavior (Schaller 2004)==<br /> Pauropods have a patchy occurrence and can often be found on the underside of stone and tree branches. They are swift runners with mouse-like intermittent rushes and most species can turn its body almost 180°. Shy of light they try to stay hidden in crevices and in soil clumps. To examine the environment there antenna constantly rotate with high rapidity. The sexes are separate and the males drop there sperm in spherical packets which the females will seek out and pick up. Vertical migration occurs when there is changes in soil moisture levels. <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 5. Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Pauropodas.jpg&diff=4429 2019-05-06T00:39:01Z

<p>Cjfinn2: pauropod front back image</p> <hr /> <div>pauropod front back image</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4428 2019-05-06T00:37:22Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Pauropoda Orders */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. No reliable internal phylogenies for pauropoda have been proposed, and they are taxonomically understudied [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda [5]]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Behavior (Schaller 2004)==<br /> Pauropods have a patchy occurrence and can often be found on the underside of stone and tree branches. They are swift runners with mouse-like intermittent rushes and most species can turn its body almost 180°. Shy of light they try to stay hidden in crevices and in soil clumps. To examine the environment there antenna constantly rotate with high rapidity. The sexes are separate and the males drop there sperm in spherical packets which the females will seek out and pick up. Vertical migration occurs when there is changes in soil moisture levels. <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 5. Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4427 2019-05-06T00:37:07Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. No reliable internal phylogenies for pauropoda have been proposed, and they are taxonomically understudied [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Behavior (Schaller 2004)==<br /> Pauropods have a patchy occurrence and can often be found on the underside of stone and tree branches. They are swift runners with mouse-like intermittent rushes and most species can turn its body almost 180°. Shy of light they try to stay hidden in crevices and in soil clumps. To examine the environment there antenna constantly rotate with high rapidity. The sexes are separate and the males drop there sperm in spherical packets which the females will seek out and pick up. Vertical migration occurs when there is changes in soil moisture levels. <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 5. Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Pauropoda. pauropods. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Pauropoda/2531/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4426 2019-05-06T00:34:52Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. No reliable internal phylogenies for pauropoda have been proposed, and they are taxonomically understudied [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Behavior (Schaller 2004)==<br /> Pauropods have a patchy occurrence and can often be found on the underside of stone and tree branches. They are swift runners with mouse-like intermittent rushes and most species can turn its body almost 180°. Shy of light they try to stay hidden in crevices and in soil clumps. To examine the environment there antenna constantly rotate with high rapidity. The sexes are separate and the males drop there sperm in spherical packets which the females will seek out and pick up. Vertical migration occurs when there is changes in soil moisture levels. <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4425 2019-05-06T00:26:33Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. No reliable internal phylogenies for pauropoda have been proposed, and they are taxonomically understudied [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4424 2019-05-06T00:25:33Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4423 2019-05-06T00:04:53Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Automatic taxobox<br /> | taxon = Pauropoda<br /> | image =Eurypauropodid (12742282145) crop.jpg<br /> | image_caption = A Eurypauropod from New Zealand<br /> | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|40|0}}&lt;small&gt;[[Eocene]] to [[Holocene|Present]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|Orders]]<br /> | subdivision = <br /> *[[Hexamerocerata]]<br /> *[[Tetramerocerata]]<br /> |synonyms=<br /> {{taxon list|Heterognathes|de Saussure &amp; Humbert, 1872<br /> |Heterognatha|Tömösváry, 1883<br /> |Monopoda| Bollman, 1893}}<br /> |synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Scheller 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Scheller|first1=Ulf|title=A reclassification of the Pauropoda (Myriapoda)|journal=International Journal of Myriapodology|date=2008|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–38|doi=10.1163/187525408X316730}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4422 2019-05-06T00:04:34Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Pauropoda&diff=4421 2019-05-06T00:04:11Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Automatic taxobox<br /> | taxon = Pauropoda<br /> | image =Eurypauropodid (12742282145) crop.jpg<br /> | image_caption = A Eurypauropod from New Zealand<br /> | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|40|0}}&lt;small&gt;[[Eocene]] to [[Holocene|Present]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|Orders]]<br /> | subdivision = <br /> *[[Hexamerocerata]]<br /> *[[Tetramerocerata]]<br /> |synonyms=<br /> {{taxon list|Heterognathes|de Saussure &amp; Humbert, 1872<br /> |Heterognatha|Tömösváry, 1883<br /> |Monopoda| Bollman, 1893}}<br /> |synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Scheller 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Scheller|first1=Ulf|title=A reclassification of the Pauropoda (Myriapoda)|journal=International Journal of Myriapodology|date=2008|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–38|doi=10.1163/187525408X316730}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pauropods''' are small terrestrial Myriapods that look like centipedes but are believed to be a sister group to millipedes. There are over 700 species of '''pauropods''' worldwide and they are classified into two different orders: Hexamerocerata and Tetramerocerata [https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html]. Fossils of pauropods have only been found from the time of Baltic Amber onward. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pauropoda Orders== <br /> ===Hexamerocerata===<br /> [[File:Pauropoda.jpg|thumb|right|Pauropoda]]<br /> '''Hexamercocerata''' have 6-segments and are strongly telescopic antennal stalk, a 12-segmented trunk, and 11 pairs of legs. Most members of this group are long, larger than other groups, and normally white. The only family in this order, Millotauropodidae, has one genus [http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709].<br /> <br /> ===Tetramerocerata===<br /> '''Tetramaerocerata''' have 4-segments and have scarcely telescopic antennal stalk, 6 tergites, and 8-10 pairs of legs. Most members of this order are small and white or brown. Most of the species in this order have 9 pairs of legs when they become adults. There are four families in this order: Pauropodidae, which is the largest family, Afrauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, and Eurypauropodidae [2].<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Pauropodas are small (0.5-2.0 mm) terrestrial [[myriapods]] with a flexible trunk, and have 8-11 pairs of legs [4]. Their head is small and directed downwards, and has no eyes. Instead, they use sensory organs found on their antennae. Their most distinctive feature is their branched antennae. One of the branches is their sensory organ (globulus), a second branch is the pseudoculi, which is an eye like structure, and the third branch there is the trichobothria, which is used to detect airborne vibrations and currents [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887]. Behind their last segment is their anal segment, called the pygidium, and this segment is horizontally divided. Due to its structure, this plate is used for identification. Each species can be identified by this, even at larvae stages [2].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat, Diet, and Collection Methods==<br /> '''Hexamerocerata''' are found strictly in tropical habitats, while '''Tetramerocerata''' are found all of the world. For most species little is known about their eating habits, but some are said to mold or suck out fungal hyphae. There is also at least one species that can eat root hairs [2]. The most common way to collect pauropods is by using Berlese (Tullgren) Funnels.<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> '''Pauropods''' are bisexual and progoneate. This means that their genital opening is placed near the anterior part of their body. In unfavorable environments parthenogenetic reproduction can sometimes occur. Their eggs are developed in a short pupoid stage before the first larval instar appears [2]. '''Hexaerocerata''' the first larval instar has six pairs of legs. '''Tetramerocerata''' the first larval instar has three pairs of legs, then is followed by instars of five, six, and eight pairs of legs. Adults will have eight, nine, or ten pairs of legs [2].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings, Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/myriapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Pauropoda.html <br /> <br /> 2. Scheller, U. 2004. Pauropoda (Pauropods). Pages 375-377 in M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, D. Olendorf, A. V. Evans, J. A. Jackson, D. G. Kleiman, J. B. Murphy, D. A. Thoney, W. J. Bock, S. F. Craig, and W. E. Duellman, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Gale, Detroit, MI. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406700133/GVRL?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=GVRL&amp;xid=a1db1709<br /> <br /> 3. Shear, W. A., and G. D. Edgecombe. 2010. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 39:174-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803909000887<br /> <br /> 4. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4420 2019-05-05T23:58:14Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Campodeoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed [12]. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. They are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but some predatory activities have been observed [12]. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are characterized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci [12].<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4419 2019-05-05T23:55:54Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Projapygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed [12]. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are characterized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci [12].<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4418 2019-05-05T23:55:13Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are characterized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci [12].<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4417 2019-05-05T23:54:58Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are charactereized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci [12].<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4416 2019-05-05T23:54:47Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. They are charactereized by their predacious life habits and pincer-shaped cerci.<br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4415 2019-05-05T23:53:38Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Projapygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Projapygidae are generally omnivorous and feed on both live and decaying vegetation or animals, but predatory activities have also been observed. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4414 2019-05-05T23:51:34Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura phylogenetic tree (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4413 2019-05-05T23:51:00Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura Families (Resh et al. 2009)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4412 2019-05-05T23:50:10Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.<br /> <br /> 12. Resh, V. H., Card, eacute, D. P. Carde, A. M. B. C. i. t. D. o. E. R. T, and R. T. Card. 2009. Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier Science &amp; Technology, San Diego, UNITED STATES.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4411 2019-05-05T23:48:58Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4410 2019-05-05T23:48:36Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4409 2019-05-05T23:48:14Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplurafamilies.png|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4408 2019-05-05T23:47:49Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Campodeoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Diplurafamilies.png<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Diplurafamilies.png&diff=4407 2019-05-05T23:47:18Z

<p>Cjfinn2: families of diplura</p> <hr /> <div>families of diplura</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4406 2019-05-05T23:40:26Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Projapygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4405 2019-05-05T23:40:03Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity of the internal magrin, tooth 1 is separated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are some records of them feeding on the roots of wheat and other agricultural crops [11]. Due to them feeding on roots they have been reported as a potential pest of crops, such as sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4404 2019-05-05T23:35:25Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity o fthe internal magrin, tooth 1 is seperated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Parajapyx has been reported as a potential pest of crops due to feeding on there roots, notable crops include sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4403 2019-05-05T23:34:58Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity o fthe internal magrin, tooth 1 is seperated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Parajapyx has been reported as a potential pest of crops due to feeding on there roots, notable crops include sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family :include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of :lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.<br /> <br /> 11. Greenslade, P., and Y.-X. Luan. 2018. A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat. Soil Research 56:657+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4402 2019-05-05T23:34:41Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. They were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity o fthe internal magrin, tooth 1 is seperated from others in a sinus in Parajapyx) [10]. Parajapyx has been reported as a potential pest of crops due to feeding on there roots, notable crops include sugarcane and wheat roots in arable soil [11]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family :include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of :lateral subcoxal organs. <br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4401 2019-05-05T23:31:51Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Grassjapyx. Thy were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapyx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity o fthe internal magrin, tooth 1 is seperated from others in a sinus in ''Parajapyx'') [10]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family :include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of :lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4400 2019-05-05T23:29:42Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Thy were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity o fthe internal magrin, tooth 1 is seperated from others in a sinus in ''Parajapyx'') [10]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family :include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of :lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4399 2019-05-05T23:29:32Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Thy were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity o fthe internal magrin, tooth 1 is seperated from others in a sinus in ''Parajapyx'') [8]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family :include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of :lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.<br /> <br /> 10. Bu, Y., Y. Gao, M. B. Potapov, and Y.-X. Luan. 2012. Redescription of arenicolous dipluran Parajapyx pauliani (Diplura, Parajapygidae) and DNA barcoding analyses of Parajapyx from China. ZooKeys:19+.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4398 2019-05-05T23:28:55Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Thy were divided according to the shape of cerci (inner margin of cerci straight, tooth 1 not separated from others by a sinus in Grassjapx vs. 2-5 or 3-5 on a convexity o fthe internal magrin, tooth 1 is seperated from others in a sinus in ''Parajapyx'') [8]. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family :include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of :lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4397 2019-05-05T23:23:24Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Wilson 2001)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4396 2019-05-05T23:23:10Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Walter 2006)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Wilson, H. M., and D. M. Martill. 2001. A New Japygid Dipluran from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 44:1025-1031.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4395 2019-05-05T23:22:34Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:diplura2.png|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Walter 2006)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Walter, D. E. 2006. Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for Quarantine and Protection.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Diplura2.png&diff=4394 2019-05-05T23:22:03Z

<p>Cjfinn2: diplura labeled</p> <hr /> <div>diplura labeled</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4393 2019-05-05T23:19:28Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that are divided into 7-10 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Walter 2006)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Walter, D. E. 2006. Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for Quarantine and Protection.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4392 2019-05-05T23:17:29Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive hexapods<br /> that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that make up 8 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Walter 2006)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Walter, D. E. 2006. Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for Quarantine and Protection.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4391 2019-05-05T23:15:18Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Campodeoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive arthropods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that make up 8 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families of Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Walter 2006)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Walter, D. E. 2006. Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for Quarantine and Protection.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4390 2019-05-05T23:12:38Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Japygoidea */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive arthropods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that make up 8 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families in the Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci. (Walter 2006)]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Walter, D. E. 2006. Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for Quarantine and Protection.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4389 2019-05-05T23:12:15Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive arthropods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that make up 8 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families in the Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci.]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> 9. Walter, D. E. 2006. Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for Quarantine and Protection.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4388 2019-05-05T23:10:36Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* Anatomy */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive arthropods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that make up 8 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families in the Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci.]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled (Diplura 2005)]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4387 2019-05-05T23:10:01Z

<p>Cjfinn2: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive arthropods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that make up 8 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families in the Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci.]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.<br /> <br /> 8. 2005. Diplurans (Diplura). Pages 705-705 Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.</div>

Cjfinn2 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diplura&diff=4385 2019-05-05T23:04:02Z

<p>Cjfinn2: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diplura.jpg|thumb|right|Diplura (Ueda 2010)]]<br /> <br /> '''Diplura''' whos name comes from diploos - double, oura – tail, referring to the two prominent cerci that Diplura have [1]. They are small, elongated, delicate, primitive arthropods that are characterized by ten abdominal segments, absence of compound eyes, lateral styli and eversible vesicles ventrally on one or more of the first seven body segments, and caudal cerci [5]. Most diplurans are euedaphic, but some are nocturnal cryptozoans, hiding under stones or tree bark during the day [2]. Diplurans are [3]. There are over 800 species of dipluran that make up 8 families, 6 of which are in North America, and 170 species of dipluran making up 23 genera have been collected in North America [5]. <br /> ==Superfamilies and Families (Based on Allen 2002)==<br /> <br /> ==='''Projapygoidea'''===<br /> Projapygoidea is a superfamily that contains two families (Anajapygidae and Projapygidae) both of which can be found in North America. It is said that this group represents the oldest phylogenetic linages that eventually led to the evolution of the class Insecta as a whole.<br /> <br /> :'''Anajapygidae'''<br /> :Most diverse in Central and South America but does have three species in North America and one in Italy. Characteristics of the Anajapygidae family are: cephalic suture reduced to its posterior :branch; trichobothria on antennal segments 5-10 and in some species on even numbered segments distal to segment 10; labial palpi rudimentary; appendages of the subcoxal organs on abdominal sternite I :pyriform; and a pair of exertile organs on abdominal sternites 2-7. <br /> <br /> :'''Projapygidae'''<br /> :Found around the world in places such as North and South America, Europe, Africa, China, India, and Austrailia. Characteristics of the Projapygidae family are: a complete cephalic suture; :trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-22; labial palpi well developed; subcoxal appendages on abdominal sternite 1 that is cylindrical; and abdominal sternites without exertile vesicles.<br /> <br /> ==='''Campodeoidea'''===<br /> Campodeoidea is a superfamily that includes Procampodeida, Campodeidae, and Octostigmatidae.<br /> <br /> :'''Procampodeidae'''<br /> :Only one genus and two species have been described in this family. One species occurs in Italy and the other in California. Identifying characteristics include: Abdominal segments without :spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments III – VII; coxal vesicles on abdominal sternite I not developed; and styles absent.<br /> <br /> :'''Campodeidae'''<br /> :This is one of the two largest families in the Diplura. The group has worldwide distribution occurring on all continents except for Antarctica. Identifying characteristics are: mandible with a :lacinia mobilies; trichobothria on antennal segments 3 III to VI; three pairs of spiracles on the thorax; long segmented cerci; epicranial suture that is usually complete; and abdominal sternite 1 with a :pair of distinct subcoxal appendages.<br /> <br /> :'''Octostigmatidae'''<br /> :This family is found in Asia however, it is not found in North America Identifying features include: a thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments IV-XXII or V-XII only. :A thorax with 4 pairs of spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments V-XVIII.<br /> <br /> ===Japygoidea===<br /> Is a super family that includes Parajapygidae, Dinjjapygidae, and Japygidae. <br /> :'''Parajapygidae'''<br /> :Found in North America it is represented by two genera: Parajapyx and Miojapyx. Characteristics useful in identifying members of this family include: antennae without trichobothria and with a maximum :of 4 placoid sensillae on the terminal article; thorax with 2 pair of spiracles; and an abdominal sternite I with a pair of styles and a pair of lateral subcoxal organs.<br /> <br /> :'''Dinjapygidae'''<br /> :This family is only known to be found in South America, Peru, and Bolivia. Identifying characteristics include: trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-17 or 4-20.<br /> <br /> :'''Japygidae'''<br /> :Japygidae are the largest of group of Diplurans with about 70 genera [3]. Identifying characteristics include: labial palps presents; 4 pairs on thoracic spiracles; trichobothria present on antennal segments 4-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Diplura_pincer.jpg|thumb|Left|Diplura with a pincer like cerci.]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [[File:Diplura_Labeled_diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diplura with Anatomy labeled]]<br /> Dipluran have two appendages or cerci extending backwards from the last of their abdominal segments [3]. There are three major types of cerci: Type 1 are Elongated, segmented, filamentous cerci which have <br /> a variable number of segments. These cerci are covered with a variable number of long and short setae that may be smooth or barbed. The setae often occur in distinct whorls and anal gland ducts are <br /> absent [5]. Type 2 are Elongated, many-segmented, and covered with setae but each has an internal canal connected to the anal glands, in type 2 the apex of the terminal segment is distinctly modified, cerci [5]. Type 3 are Unsegmented, robust, and usually heavily sclerotized forceps [5]. They are blind, pale, and normally small in size ranging from 205 mm however in topical environments some species can be larger [3]. Diplura are one of the only terrestrial arthropods known to be able to regenerate lost body parts [6]<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Some Diplura are herbivorous feeding on plant roots and fungi that are decomposing plant matter [4]. Others are predaceous who primarily hunt other small arthropods [1]. The predatory species wait buried in the soil with the tip of there abdomen on the surface waiting for arthropods to encounter their pincer-like cerci [4] <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Sperm transfer is indirect similar to that of Collembola, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate [4]. The Female diplurans gather male spermatophores from on the ground, taking the spermatophores up thought the genital opening [3]. Eggs are laid in clusters in decomposing plant material or in crevices in the soil, in some species the females are known to guard the eggs and recently emerged larvae [4]. <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> Mainly found in moist environments, diplurans are often found in small groups or colonies in soil, leaf litter, moss, and under rocks [4]. Some species have been found in the nests of ants and termites and in caves. In some places in the world some root-feeding species have been reported as pests of crops such as sugar cane, peanuts, and melons [4].<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Diplura. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Diplura/8204/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/<br /> <br /> 2. David Coleman, M. C., D. Crossley, Jr. 2017. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Third edition. Candice Janco, Academic Press.<br /> <br /> 3. Britannica, T. E. E. 2017. Dipluran. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. <br /> <br /> 4. Andrew Austin, E. F.-J., s Mark Harvey, Mike Hodda, John Jennings ,Claire Stephens, Erich Volschenk, David Yates. Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/hexapoda%20key/Media/HTML/Diplura.html<br /> <br /> 5. Allen, R. T. 2002. A Synopsis of the Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-) 128:403-466. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078790<br /> <br /> 6. Meyers, J. 2016. Diplurans. NC State University. https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/diplura.html<br /> <br /> 7. Ueda, K.-i. 2010.</div>

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