https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Cjcampbe 2026-04-16T21:06:46Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_roots&diff=3135 2018-05-18T00:08:30Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> The root is typically the part of the plant that grows into the [[soil]], although it can be aerial in waterlogged soil. Roots have two main functions, anchoring the plant to the ground, and absorbing nutrients, water, and minerals for the plant. There are two main types of roots, tap roots and fibrous roots, both of which are explained in this page. Plant root systems can be very extensive, and are harder to study than the above ground biomass. Current methods for studying root systems include: the [[harvest method]], [[isotopic analysis]], [[root ingrowth]], and [[rhizotrons]]. Roots can often have symbiotic relationships with [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]].<br /> <br /> == Parts of the plant root ==<br /> [[File:partsofroots.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Parts of the Root. Source: Biology Junction]] [[File:Root_Crosssection.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Root Cross Section. Source: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]<br /> <br /> ; Root Hairs<br /> :The root hairs are thin hairlike structures growing from the epidermis. These help with the absorption of moisture and nutrients from the soil, which is then transported to the rest of the plant. The majority of plant water absorption happens with the root hairs. The length and shape allows them to have a large surface area while being able to go between soil particles, both of which helps with water absorption. In legume plants, they are involved in root nodule formation. <br /> <br /> ; Xylem<br /> :In vascular plants, xylem transports nutrients and water in a sap from the roots to the stem and leaves. It uses passive transportation, so it does not need an input of energy to operate. The xylem is primarily composed of dead cells, and can only flow upward. This movement is mainly driven by negative pressures. <br /> <br /> ;Phloem<br /> :In vascular plants, phloem transports the products of photosynthesis in a sap from the chloroplast down to the roots or storage structures. The sap holds a lot of sucrose, but is water-based. The phloem is primarily composed of living cells and is able to flow in many different directions. It's flow is called translocation, and is mainly caused by positive hydrostatic pressures. <br /> <br /> ;Pericycle<br /> :The pericycle is made up of sclerenchyma or parenchyma cells in a cylindrical shape. In dicots, it gives protection to vascular bundles and strengthens the roots. In eudicots, it can create lateral roots, which grow horizontally and help anchor the plant.<br /> <br /> ;Endodermis<br /> :The endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex. The outer ring of the epidermis is deposited with the casparian strip, which helps stop the flow of water from around the cell membranes. This helps to regulate the water that flows into or out of the xylem, and stops gas bubbles from reaching the xylem. <br /> <br /> ;Apical meristem<br /> :The apical meristem is full of actively dividing cells. It allows for primary growth, where the plant grows up and down!<br /> <br /> ;Root cap<br /> :The root cap protects the growing apical meristem by secreting a mucus that eases the movement of the root through the soil.<br /> <br /> ;Epidermis<br /> :The epidermis is the outerlayer of cells on the root. It absorbs water and nutrients, regulates gas exchange, stops water loss, and puts out metabolic compounds. It is covered in stomata, which is a pore that regulates water vapor and gas exchange.<br /> <br /> == Types of plant roots ==<br /> <br /> [[File:rootsystems.gif|300px|thumb|left|Types of Roots. Source: National Gardening Association, Inc.]] <br /> ;Tap Roots<br /> :Tap roots typically are large roots that grow downward, which other roots laterally sprout from. Some tap roots will persist for the entire plant life, but most plants will replace them with a fibrous system. [[Dicots]] are an example of plants that start with a tap root system. In some plants, like carrots, the tap root is later developed into an organ for storage. Most plants replace the tap root with the fibrous root because the tap roots grows from the radicle of the plant, which often dies after germination, forcing it to switch. <br /> <br /> ;Fibrous Roots<br /> :Fibrous roots grow out of the stem and are made up of many thin branching roots. This can spread widely in the soil, sometimes becoming larger than the above ground plant. This type of root system can be seen in [[monocots]], such as grasses.<br /> <br /> ;Adventitious Roots<br /> :Although tap roots and fibrous roots are the primary root system seen, adventitious roots are sometimes seen. These roots arise from the stem or a leaf, often being seen on plants that have an underground stem. Some of these roots are aerial, being completely or partially above the soil. Examples of plants that have these roots are mangroves, bamboo, and corn. <br /> <br /> ;Other Specialized Roots Systems<br /> :There are various other specialized root systems that are not as common to see. For example, some parasitic plants have root projections called haustoria, which penetrate the hosts tissues and absorb its nutrients. Another example of a specialized root system is pneumatophores, which can be seen on swamp plants. These roots are aerial and allow for gas exchange in the water-logged soil.<br /> <br /> == Citations ==<br /> <br /> *Gyssels, G., et al. “Impact of Plant Roots on the Resistance of Soils to Erosion by Water: a Review.” Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 29, no. 2, 2005, pp. 189–217.<br /> *Cannon, William Austin. “A Tentative Classification of Root Systems.” Ecology, vol. 30, no. 4, 1 Oct. 1949, pp. 542–548. <br /> *Glinski, J. Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Roots. CRC Press, 2018.<br /> *Russell, Robert Scott. Plant Root Systems: Their Function and Interaction with the Soil. English Language Book Society and McGraw-Hill, 1982.<br /> *Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 767 pp.<br /> *Beeckman, Tom; De Smet, Ive (2014). &quot;Pericycle&quot;. Current Biology. 24 (10): R378–9<br /> *Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Root.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 13 Apr. 2018<br /> *Sutton, R. F.; Tinus, R. W. (1983). &quot;Root and root system terminology&quot;. Forest Science Monograph. 24: 137.<br /> *Coutts, M. P. (1987). &quot;Developmental processes in tree root systems&quot;. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17: 761–767. doi:10.1139/x87-122</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Organisms&diff=3134 2018-05-18T00:07:35Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definitions ==<br /> <br /> The word &quot;Organism&quot; comes from the word &quot;Organ&quot; and the suffix &quot;-ism&quot;. In biologic terms, &quot;Organ&quot; refers to a grouping of tissues into a distinct structure that performs a specialized task, such as a heart or kidney in animals or a leaf or stamen in plants. &quot;-ism&quot; is a suffix appearing in loanwords from Greek, where it was used to form action nouns from verbs. The term &quot;Organism&quot; itself has many different ways of being defined but is generally referred to as a form of life composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes. [1]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Organism_phylogeny_tree.jpg|frame|[2] Doolittle, W. F. (2000), &quot;Uprooting the tree of life&quot; (PDF), Scientific American, 282 (6): 90–95, Bibcode:2000SciAm.282b..90D, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90, PMID 10710791, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-31.]]<br /> Organisms range from basic, singular cells, to complex eukaryotes such as plants and animals. Around the time of Aristotle, scientists determined the genealogy of organisms simply by comparing their physical features to one another. This continued right up until the 1960's, at which time scientists started to create a universal phylogeny tree for every type of known organism. The tree began when two researchers, Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling of<br /> the California Institute of Technology, began basing ancestral organisms on genetic differences rather than physiology, allowing for a much more precise relation of organisms. It was then that organisms were found to be divided up into two main groups, eukaryotes and prokaryotes. During the late 1970's, a scientist by the name of Carl R. Woese discovered that by using the SSU rRNA, a small subunit ribosomal RNA, he could find the moment where organisms start to diverge and become separate entities. It was shortly after this discovery that Woese determined that not all prokaryotes could genetically be defined as bacteria, and so a third main group needed to be included, the archaea. These three main groups are still accepted today as the correct set of ancestral organisms that make up every other organism on the planet. It has recently been discovered, however, that the original three groups somehow laterally share their genes, making all organisms a conglomerate of prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes. It is currently believed that the current phylogeny &quot;tree&quot; is some sort of interlacing web without any one definite source of original life. [2]<br /> <br /> == Subterranean ==<br /> [[Microorganisms]] such as [[nematodes]], paramecium, and bacteria live in the soil and interact with plant organisms. Plants excrete volatile substances through their roots which are then received by the microorganisms. The microorganisms use these substances to gather information about their surroundings, and then produce their own volatile substances to communicate with each other. When the microorganisms receive the plant's substances, the microorganisms make their way over to the plant's roots to consume the extra carbon that the roots emit, as the microorganisms cannot obtain it on their own. Many different types of microorganisms can use this emitted carbon because the [[plant roots]], send it out by using multiple different chemical compounds, and some of those microorganisms will reciprocate by benefiting the plant. To benefit the plants, the microorganisms will use certain scents to dispose of excess carbon, stimulate growth, or inhibit the growth of other plants. [3]<br /> <br /> For example, a type of [[soil organism]] that does this are mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae can be divided into two sub-categories called [[arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]], and [[ectomycorrhizae]]. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) &quot;purifies&quot; the soil for the plants by binding any heavy metals to its fungal hyphae, and combining them with glomalin, so that the plants are unable to take up the heavy metals that would otherwise be toxic to them. The sequestration of heavy metals gives the potential for the plant to increase its tolerance to elements that could be toxic to it. [4] Other benefits that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide to plants include increased water and nutrient collection, and greater resistance to harmful microorganisms. In order for the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to carry out these processes, it must first attach itself to the plant's roots. Once attached, the AMF will insert itself inside of the roots to create storage for lipids, which are then used to grow hyphae. Its next step is to send it's hyphae out into the soil as far as it can, which is approximately ten centimeters in any direction. The hyphae will then begin to take up any water and nutrients in the soil, and proceed to give the plant whatever it needs, while leaving the toxic heavy metals out. In return, the AMF will only use the excess carbon from the plant to keep itself alive. [5] [[File:Ectomycorrhiza_and_Arbuscular_mycorrhiza.jpg|frame|left|[7] Bonfante, Paola, and Andrea Genre. “Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 27 July 2010, www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1046.]] Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) will act in the same manner as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, except that it will not invade the inside of the plant. Staying completely outside of the plant's roots, ECM will extend much farther out into the soil, up to several meters long, to search for water and nutrients. By remaining outside of the root cells, the ectomycorrhizae will form a protective sheath, called a &quot;mantle&quot;, guarding the roots from harmful microorganisms. However, the ECM will go in between the root cells and form a Hartig net in order to interact with the plant. To gather the correct nutrients that are needed for the plant, the ectomycorrhizae will specialize itself to the specific plant that it is attaching to. This means that the ECM is also able to attach to tree roots in forest ecosystems, allowing the trees and plants to interact with each other, otherwise known as the &quot;Wood Wide Web&quot;. However, the ectomycorrhizae is limited to where it can be found. In areas where the temperature falls too low for the microorganism to survive, or where there is too little oxygen that the area is considered anoxic, it has been found that bacteria replaces the space left by the absence of ectomycorrhizae. [6]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] &quot;organism&quot;. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 18 Feb. 2018. &lt;Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/organism&gt;.<br /> <br /> [2] Doolittle, W. F. (2000), [https://www.webcitation.org/5w9oPfm4a?url=http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf &quot;Uprooting the tree of life&quot;] (PDF), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American Scientific American], 282 (6): 90–95, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode Bibcode]:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SciAm.282b..90D 2000SciAm.282b..90D], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90 10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90], PMID 10710791, archived from [http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2011-01-31.<br /> <br /> [3] Wenke, Katrin, et al. “Belowground volatiles facilitate interactions between plant roots and soil organisms.” Shibboleth Authentication Request, Springer-Verlag, [https://link-springer-com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/article/10.1007%2Fs00425-009-1076-2 link-springer-com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/article/10.1007%2Fs00425-009-1076-2.]<br /> <br /> [4] Qiao, Yuhui, et al. “Effects of biochar and Arbuscular mycorrhizae on bioavailability of potentially toxic elements in an aged contaminated soil.” Shibboleth Authentication Request, 28 Aug. 2015, [https://www-sciencedirect-com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/science/article/pii/S0269749115300233?_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=high&amp;_origin=gateway&amp;_docanchor=&amp;md5=b8429449ccfc9c30159a5f9aeaa92ffb www-sciencedirect-com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/science/article/pii/S0269749115300233?_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=high&amp;_origin=gateway&amp;_docanchor=&amp;md5=b8429449ccfc9c30159a5f9aeaa92ffb.]<br /> <br /> [5] Keymer, Andreas, et al. &quot;Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi.&quot; eLife, vol. 6, 2017. Health Reference Center Academic, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A500742752/HRCA?u=sunybuff_main&amp;sid=HRCA&amp;xid=5f36ece4. Accessed 5 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> [6] Mello, Antonietta, and Raffaella Balestrini. “Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Their Interactions.” Shibboleth Authentication Request, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 15 Feb. 2018, [https://www-frontiersin-org.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216/full www-frontiersin-org.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216/full].<br /> <br /> [7] Bonfante, Paola, and Andrea Genre. “Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 27 July 2010, [https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1046 www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1046].</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=3133 2018-05-18T00:05:52Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth!<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication!<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA!<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell!<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen ([[Nitrogen fixation]]) in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi ([[Ectomycorrizae]]) have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [[File:wheat_damage.jpg|300px|left|thumb| &quot;Yellow patches of winter wheat infected with Soilborne wheat mosaic virus&quot; (Wheat) [6] ]]<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology. [5]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.<br /> <br /> [5] “Viruses in Soils.” Viruses in Soils | Cell and Molecular Sciences | Research | The James Hutton Institute, www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/viruses-soils.<br /> <br /> [6] “Washington State University.” Wheat &amp; Small Grains | Washington State University, smallgrains.wsu.edu/disease-resources/virus-diseases/soilborne-wheat-mosaic/.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Glomeromycota&diff=3132 2018-05-18T00:05:10Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> The Glomeromycota are not as diverse as other phyla of fungi nor are there as many species. However they make up for this uniformity by being among the most abundant and widespread of all fungi. As far as we know, all species of Glomeromycota are mutualistic with plants, forming arbuscular mycorrhizal.<br /> ([[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]])!<br /> <br /> [[File:GlomusSpores.jpg|400px|thumb|left|]]<br /> <br /> These fungi were considered to be members of the [[Zygomycota]] for many years, mainly because their hyphae lack septa and because their spores may superficially resemble zygospores. More recent genetic evidence shows that they are quite distinct from other fungi and definitely belong in a separate phylum. Palaeontologists have suspected this for a long time. The fossil roots of plants known to be as old as 450 million years clearly contain the hyphae and spores of Glomeromycota, showing this group to be among the oldest of fungi. The left photograph shows hyphae and spores of a species of Glomus, collected from the soil surrounding the roots of a balsam poplar tree. Such structures are indistinguishable from some fossil collections!<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Glomeromycota-spores.jpg|thumb|Gigaspora margarita in association with Lotus corniculatus]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> =='''Reproduction'''==<br /> <br /> The Glomeromycota reproduction by produce the spores. There is no evidence that the Glomeromycota reproduce sexually. Studies using molecular marker genes have detected little or no genetic recombination so it is assumed generally that the spores are formed asexually.<br /> <br /> No member of the Glomeromycota has ever been grown in the laboratory independently of its plant associate.It is still not known exactly what these fungi need as nutrients.<br /> <br /> <br /> =='''Symbiotic Relationship'''==<br /> <br /> The Glomeromycota have the symbiotic relationship with plants, and they have many evidence shows, the glomeromycota must survive depend on carbon and energy which plants produced. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> =='''Colonization'''==<br /> New colonization of AM fungi largely depends on the amount of inoculum present in the soil.<br /> Although pre-existing hyphae and infected root fragments have been shown to successfully colonize the roots of a host, germinating spores are considered to be the key players in new host establishment. Spores are commonly dispersed by fungal and plant burrowing herbivore partners, but some air dispersal capabilities are also known. <br /> Studies have shown that spore germination is specific to particular environmental conditions such as right amount of nutrients, temperature or host availability. It has also been observed that the rate of root system colonization is directly correlated to spore density in the soil.In addition, new data also suggests that AM fungi host plants also secrete chemical factors which attract and enhance the growth of developing spore hyphae towards the root system.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> =='''References'''==<br /> [1]&quot;21st Century Guidebook to Fungi&quot;, David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci.<br /> <br /> [2]&quot;A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution&quot;. Mycol. Res.<br /> <br /> [3]Zangaro, Waldemar, Leila Rostirola, Vergal Souza, Priscila Almeida Alves, Bochi Lescano, Ricardo Rondina, Luiz Nogueira, and Eduardo Carrenho. &quot;Root Colonization and Spore Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Distinct Successional Stages from an Atlantic Rainforest Biome in Southern Brazil.&quot; Mycorrhiza 2013.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Foraging&diff=3131 2018-05-18T00:04:23Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Foraging.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A squirrel foraging for food. Source: Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum]] Many [[animals]] forage in the [[soil]], looking for food such as plants or smaller [[organisms]]. The optimal foraging theory and optimal diet model are used to predict the decisions animals will make while foraging. Both [[Microorganisms]] and [[macroorgansims]] can forage.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Optimal Foraging Theory ==<br /> <br /> The optimal foraging theory predicts how a foraging animal will behave when presented with a choice in its prey. This theory takes into account not only the energy the organism receives from the prey, but also the energy and time it costs to forage for the prey. Animals want to receive the greatest benefit of energy while expending the least amount of their own time and energy. The goal of this theory is to find the foraging strategy that maximizes the energy the species receives under the constraints of it's environment. These constraints can include how long it takes for the animal to travel to the foraging sites, how long it takes to search for the prey, how long it takes for the animal to prepare its foraged prey for eating, along with other factors. The optimal diet model can be used to find the optimal foraging strategy. <br /> <br /> '''Optimal Diet Model'''<br /> <br /> In this model, predators have to decide whether to eat the prey they find or look for another, hopefully more profitable, source of prey. Animals have to choose between big prey and large prey. They do this by considering the handling time (how long it takes to prepare the prey for eating), search time, and energy they would gain. To determine the profitability in this model, the value of energy the animal will receive should be divided by the handling time. The prey with the larger number is more profitable. However, if the predator comes across one prey and has to decide whether to eat it or look for another source of prey, search time for that second prey has to be taken into consideration. If the the energy value divided by the handling time plus the search time of the second prey is greater than the energy value divided by the handling time of the first prey, then the animal should search for the other source of prey. Shown in an equation, the animal should only search for the second source of prey if E2/(h2+S2) &gt; E1/h1. In this equation E1 and E2 are the energy values benefited from prey 1 and prey 2, respectively, h1 and h2 are the handling time of prey 1 and prey 2, and S2 is the search time for prey 2. If S2 is in a certain value threshold, the animal will eat both prey. These animals that eat both prey are often generalists, while animals that do not are often specialists. <br /> <br /> [[File:Functional response curve.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Functional Response Curves. Source: Staddon, J.E.R., 1983.]] <br /> <br /> The search time depends on the density of prey. Functional response curves are used to plot the rate of prey capture over the prey density. There are type 1, type 2, and type 3 response curves. In type 1, there is a linear relationship between rate of prey captured and prey density. As the rate of prey capture increases, so does prey density. In type 2 response curves, the rate of prey captured increases with prey density to a point, and then flattens out because the predators become satiated. In type 3 response curves, rate of prey capture is high at low prey densities because the predators are more generalists and eat whatever is most abundant. At high prey densities, the predators will become specialists and pick the prey that is the most beneficial, not just the most abundant.<br /> <br /> == Citations ==<br /> <br /> *Staddon, J.E.R. &quot;Foraging and Behavioral Ecology.&quot; Adaptive Behavior and Learning. First Edition ed. Cambridge UP, 1983.<br /> *Sinervo, Barry (1997). &quot;Optimal Foraging Theory: Constraints and Cognitive Processes&quot;, pp. 105–130 in Behavioral Ecology. University of California, Santa Cruz.<br /> *Jeschke, J. M.; Kopp, M.; Tollrian, R. (2002). &quot;Predator Functional Responses: Discriminating Between Handling and Digesting Prey&quot;. Ecological Monographs. 72: 95.<br /> *Stephens, D. W. and Krebs, J. R. (1986) &quot;Foraging Theory&quot;. 1st ed. Monographs in Behavior and Ecology. Princeton University Press.<br /> *Stephens, D.W., Brown, J.S., and Ydenberg, R.C. (2007). Foraging: Behavior and Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<br /> *Pulliam, H. Ronald (1974). &quot;On the theory of optimal diets&quot;. American Naturalist. 108 (959): 59–74.<br /> *Hughes, Roger N, ed. (1989), Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection, London &amp; New York: Springer-Verlag, p. v, ISBN 0-387-51762-6<br /> *Danchin, E.; Giraldeau, L. &amp; Cezilly, F. (2008). Behavioural Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920629-2.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2863 2018-05-10T17:44:14Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Small Soil animals */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> In order to learn what is in the soil, one has to be able to physically see and be able to identify. One way to do this is to collect samples from a area of interest. To do this you can set traps, or cages. <br /> Some of the most effect ways of collecting samples are using Baerman funnel and Berlese funnels ([[Soil Sampling Methods]]).<br /> <br /> Also just getting down and looking with your own eyes and fingers you can get a small idea of what is living in the soil. But keep in mind most organisms will be too small to spot, also just by changing your area of investigation by meters, even centimeters can alter what you find.<br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> [[Nematodes]] are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> The size a animal can reach is not just dependent upon what species it is, but also in what kind of soil it lives in. Two members of the same species can differ in size just simply by being located in different part of a valley system, or being located in different temperate zones. <br /> This information can be used to also establish what kind of nutrients are in the soil, or are not in the soil. Can be used to compare two sites of soil to each other.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> Earth Worms can get around by using their bristles. Bristles are paired in groups on a segment of its body, they grab onto the burrow and push/slide it along. Using the bristles as a way to grab onto the side and lunge them selves forward.<br /> <br /> Nematodes get around by contractions of their longitudinal muscles, this causes their body to flex and then move around by basically throbbing back and forth.<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2862 2018-05-10T17:43:00Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> In order to learn what is in the soil, one has to be able to physically see and be able to identify. One way to do this is to collect samples from a area of interest. To do this you can set traps, or cages. <br /> Some of the most effect ways of collecting samples are using Baerman funnel and Berlese funnels ([[Soil Sampling Methods]]).<br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> [[Nematodes]] are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> The size a animal can reach is not just dependent upon what species it is, but also in what kind of soil it lives in. Two members of the same species can differ in size just simply by being located in different part of a valley system, or being located in different temperate zones. <br /> This information can be used to also establish what kind of nutrients are in the soil, or are not in the soil. Can be used to compare two sites of soil to each other.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> Earth Worms can get around by using their bristles. Bristles are paired in groups on a segment of its body, they grab onto the burrow and push/slide it along. Using the bristles as a way to grab onto the side and lunge them selves forward.<br /> <br /> Nematodes get around by contractions of their longitudinal muscles, this causes their body to flex and then move around by basically throbbing back and forth.<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2861 2018-05-10T17:42:47Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Small Soil animals */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> In order to learn what is in the soil, one has to be able to physically see and be able to identify. One way to do this is to collect samples from a area of interest. To do this you can set traps, or cages. <br /> Some of the most effect ways of collecting samples are using Baerman funnel and Berlese funnels ([[Soil Sampling Methods]].<br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> [[Nematodes]] are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> The size a animal can reach is not just dependent upon what species it is, but also in what kind of soil it lives in. Two members of the same species can differ in size just simply by being located in different part of a valley system, or being located in different temperate zones. <br /> This information can be used to also establish what kind of nutrients are in the soil, or are not in the soil. Can be used to compare two sites of soil to each other.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> Earth Worms can get around by using their bristles. Bristles are paired in groups on a segment of its body, they grab onto the burrow and push/slide it along. Using the bristles as a way to grab onto the side and lunge them selves forward.<br /> <br /> Nematodes get around by contractions of their longitudinal muscles, this causes their body to flex and then move around by basically throbbing back and forth.<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2860 2018-05-10T17:40:06Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Living In vs On soil */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> [[Nematodes]] are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> The size a animal can reach is not just dependent upon what species it is, but also in what kind of soil it lives in. Two members of the same species can differ in size just simply by being located in different part of a valley system, or being located in different temperate zones. <br /> This information can be used to also establish what kind of nutrients are in the soil, or are not in the soil. Can be used to compare two sites of soil to each other.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> Earth Worms can get around by using their bristles. Bristles are paired in groups on a segment of its body, they grab onto the burrow and push/slide it along. Using the bristles as a way to grab onto the side and lunge them selves forward.<br /> <br /> Nematodes get around by contractions of their longitudinal muscles, this causes their body to flex and then move around by basically throbbing back and forth.<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2859 2018-05-10T17:34:32Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Soil Fauna: Classification */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> [[Nematodes]] are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> The size a animal can reach is not just dependent upon what species it is, but also in what kind of soil it lives in. Two members of the same species can differ in size just simply by being located in different part of a valley system, or being located in different temperate zones. <br /> This information can be used to also establish what kind of nutrients are in the soil, or are not in the soil. Can be used to compare two sites of soil to each other.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> Earth Worms can get around by using their bristles. Bristles are paired in groups on a segment of its body, they grab onto the burrow and push/slide it along. Using the bristles as a way to grab onto the side and lunge them selves forward.<br /> <br /> Nematodes get around by contractions of their longitudinal muscles, this causes their body to flex and then move around by basically throbbing back and forth.<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2858 2018-05-10T17:25:51Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Nematodes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> [[Nematodes]] are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> The size a animal can reach is not just dependent upon what species it is, but also in what kind of soil it lives in. Two members of the same species can differ in size just simply by being located in different part of a valley system, or being located in different temperate zones. <br /> This information can be used to also establish what kind of nutrients are in the soil, or are not in the soil. Can be used to compare two sites of soil to each other.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Ecto_Vs._Endo.png&diff=2850 2018-05-10T17:15:09Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2844 2018-05-10T17:09:10Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg|border|200px]] '''Sign in The Valley Of Fire State Park indicating how important being able to communicate important information to the public to protect and preserve these valuable communities.'''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.<br /> <br /> 7)Rambling, Clark. “Valley Of Fire State Park.” Road Runner, 1 Jan. 1970, clarkrambling.blogspot.com/2015/04/valley-of-fire-state-park.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2840 2018-05-10T17:07:52Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg|border|200px]] '''Sign in The Valley Of Fire State Park indicating how important being able to communicate important information to the public to protect and preserve these valuable communities.'''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2839 2018-05-10T17:07:40Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg|border|200px]]<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2838 2018-05-10T17:07:16Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg|border|caption|Sign in The Valley Of Fire State Park indicating how important being able to communicate important information to the public to protect and preserve these valuable communities.]]<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2837 2018-05-10T17:06:34Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg|frameless|Sign in The Valley Of Fire State Park indicating how important being able to communicate important information to the public to protect and preserve these valuable communities.]]<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2836 2018-05-10T17:06:19Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg|frameless|caption]]<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Ahhh.jpg&diff=2834 2018-05-10T17:04:41Z

<p>Cjcampbe: Sign in The Valley Of Fire State Park indicating how important being able to communicate important information to the public to protect and preserve these valuable communities.</p> <hr /> <div>Sign in The Valley Of Fire State Park indicating how important being able to communicate important information to the public to protect and preserve these valuable communities.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2832 2018-05-10T17:01:02Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2830 2018-05-10T17:00:02Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:ahhh.jpg|border|200px]]'''''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''''' Photo Credit goes to Valley of Fire state park.<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2829 2018-05-10T16:59:47Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]'''''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''''' Photo Credit goes to Valley of Fire state park.<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:UT_arch_01.jpg&diff=2828 2018-05-10T16:58:02Z

<p>Cjcampbe: Cjcampbe uploaded a new version of File:UT arch 01.jpg</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2826 2018-05-10T16:53:35Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]'''''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!'''''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2825 2018-05-10T16:48:36Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Lichens */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> [[Lichen]]s are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2824 2018-05-10T16:47:59Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Habitat */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[Soil Structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2823 2018-05-10T16:47:38Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Habitat */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antarctica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and waste products create the Solid crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes. A huge portion of landscapes [[soil structures]] begins with these communities.<br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2821 2018-05-10T16:45:33Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Impact */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2161 2018-05-08T16:25:25Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Soil Fauna: Classification */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> The size a animal can reach is not just dependent upon what species it is, but also in what kind of soil it lives in. Two members of the same species can differ in size just simply by being located in different part of a valley system, or being located in different temperate zones. <br /> This information can be used to also establish what kind of nutrients are in the soil, or are not in the soil. Can be used to compare two sites of soil to each other.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:FeedingClassification.jpg&diff=2157 2018-05-08T16:18:38Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div>Functional classifications of different soil invertebrates based on different criteria and including the definition of the proposed groups.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2155 2018-05-08T16:17:30Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Soil Fauna: Classification */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2154 2018-05-08T16:17:15Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:''':<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:FeedingClassification.jpg&diff=2153 2018-05-08T16:16:05Z

<p>Cjcampbe: Examples of the many different ways professionals can classify between organisms based upon feeding habits.</p> <hr /> <div>Examples of the many different ways professionals can classify between organisms based upon feeding habits.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2152 2018-05-08T16:15:27Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Soil Fauna: Classification */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:''':For those organisms that would be considered &quot;small&quot;, we are interested in anything over the size of 2mm. How ever this method can be confusing, as different species of worms, for example, could be smaller then 2mm, while others are larger. Thus causing confusion sto which group that species should be put in.<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:''':<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> [[File:FeedingClassification.jpg]]<br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''Reproductive Strategies''': We can distinguish between organisms based on how they do the nasty. <br /> Examples of reproduction styles: Sexual/parthenogenesis/asexual.<br /> Or based on if they have a specific time from mating to just opportunists.<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2144 2018-05-08T15:59:04Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.<br /> <br /> “Earthworms' Role in the Ecosystem.” Science Learning Hub, www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/9-earthworms-role-in-the-ecosystem.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2143 2018-05-08T15:58:42Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Earthworms (oligochaeta) */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> ''(Charles Darwin)''<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2142 2018-05-08T15:58:32Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Earthworms (oligochaeta) */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> (Charles Darwin)<br /> '''<br /> <br /> Earthworms are know as ecosystem engineers, as their impact to the habitats they inhabit is huge. Without them a huge portion of dead litter would not be decomposed in a timely fashion or not at all. Along side bacteria and fungi, they are responsible for recycling nutrients and carbon back into the soil so plants and other organisms may use it again the next growing season or right away.<br /> <br /> This occurs because the wonderful earth worms eat leaves, dung, dead animals and by doing so unlock nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and many more. These nutrients are then pooped out by the worms back into the soil, becoming an important building block and structure of the soil world.<br /> <br /> Earth Worms can impact agriculture by increasing the productivity by 20-30%. This is further proven by the fact that in New Zealand once land was approved for agriculture, their native species disappeared leaving their soil earthworm free. Once non-native species were introduced productivity increased by 25-30%.<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2139 2018-05-08T15:45:41Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Earthworms (oligochaeta) */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> '''&quot;It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised creatures.&quot;<br /> <br /> (Charles Darwin)<br /> '''<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2082 2018-05-07T21:29:59Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Nematodes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living organisms. Nematodes that cause plant diseases to farmed crops have received a lot more attention then any of the others.How ever, most nematodes in the soil do not cause harm, in-fact most cause a beneficial help to the over all health of the soil and even to humans and our goals.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2081 2018-05-07T21:27:30Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Nematodes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Impacts:'''The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2080 2018-05-07T21:26:44Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Nematodes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living. <br /> <br /> <br /> The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT's''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2079 2018-05-07T21:26:33Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living. <br /> <br /> <br /> The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> <br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> <br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> <br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Small_creaters&diff=2078 2018-05-07T21:26:14Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Nematodes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Small Soil animals''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Nematodes ==<br /> They are a diverse part of the animal realm, inhabiting a ride range of habitats/environments. They have been found in almost every type of ecosystem out their, ranging from salt and fresh water, to soils from the polar regions straight down to the equator. <br /> Around an estimated 90 percent of nematodes species identified reside in the top 15 cm of the soil fauna. Unlike worms, they do not decompose organic matter, instead they are free living. <br /> <br /> <br /> The majority are of no harm or even have a beneficial use to us humans and our lives. Yet those that live in the soil and are plant eaters, find them selves in direct competition with us humans. With devastating consequences for them and us. They eat the plants, thereby hindering/harming the plants ability to perform basic functions like water or mineral uptake. When they begin to harm a farmers profit margins, which results in the use of chemical warfare being declared upon them. Killing them, along with more unknown species, along with poisoning our drinking water supply.<br /> <br /> '''Bacterial-feeders''': consume bacteria.<br /> '''Fungal-feeders''': feed by puncturing the cell wall of fungi and sucking out the internal contents.<br /> '''Predatory nematodes''': eat all types of nematodes and protozoa. They eat smaller organisms whole, or attach themselves to the cuticle of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body parts can be extracted.<br /> '''Omnivores''': eat a variety of organisms or may have a different diet at each life stage. Root-feeders are plant parasites, and thus are not free-living in the soil.<br /> <br /> '''FUN FACT''' Nematode were part of an ongoing research project conducted on the space shuttle Columbia, they were able to survive re-entry breakup back into and through the earths atmosphere.<br /> <br /> They are one of natures ways of controlling the bacteria population of getting to out of hand.<br /> <br /> == Earthworms (oligochaeta) ==<br /> <br /> == Molluscs ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Arthropods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == '''Soil Fauna: Classification''' ==<br /> <br /> Five major groupings are widely accepted: classification based on body size; time spent in the soil; location or habitat in the soil profile; feeding strategies; and method of locomotion in the soil<br /> <br /> '''body size:'''<br /> <br /> '''Time in soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''habitat within soil:'''<br /> <br /> '''feeding habits:'''<br /> <br /> '''locomotion within the soil:'''<br /> <br /> == '''Living In vs On soil''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Nationwide, SARE. “Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Small-and-Medium-Size-Soil-Animals.<br /> <br /> Hendricks, David M. “5. Animals and Soil in Arizona.” Animals and Soil In, www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/swetc/azso/body.1_div.5.html.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2056 2018-05-07T16:26:22Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities, as hiking has become more economically and physically feasible. Previusly hard to reach or undesirable mountain tops, or deserts have become destination hot spots, and all it takes is one foot step to undo a hundred years of growth. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> '''Effects on Plant Germination and Growth ''' (Positive and Negative):<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2055 2018-05-07T16:19:35Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it in a pasture. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> '''Effects on Plant Germination and Growth ''' (Positive and Negative):<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2054 2018-05-07T16:19:18Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* What is it? */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it in a pasture. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_lichen_22.jpg|border|200px]] <br /> ''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> '''Effects on Plant Germination and Growth ''' (Positive and Negative):<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2053 2018-05-07T16:16:40Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* [Lichens] */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it in a pasture. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_lichen_22.jpg|border|200px]] <br /> ''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == Lichens ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> '''Effects on Plant Germination and Growth ''' (Positive and Negative):<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2052 2018-05-07T16:16:28Z

<p>Cjcampbe: /* Cyanobacteria */</p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it in a pasture. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_lichen_22.jpg|border|200px]] <br /> ''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> Cyanobacteria (a.k.a Cyanophyta) are photosynthetic bacteria, and are also the only photosynthetic prokaryotes who can produce oxygen by them selves. (Fun fact, which means they are being studied to try and help the renewable energy goals set by the Paris accord)<br /> <br /> They can be found in almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, the most common of which to be found in Soil Crusts are those in the Micorcoleus genus and Nostoc genus. Which are large filamentous species that from filaments that are covered in Polysaccharides (Polysaccharides are a polymeric carbohydraye molecules).<br /> These Polysaccharides are sheaths that stabilize the small layer of soil that the Soil Crust is forming on, thus helping it to accumulate and grow. Eventually becoming thick enough for the next stage of restoration to occur. Unless its at a high elevation (i.e a windy mountain top), where it will not be replaced by the next stage of restoration.<br /> <br /> == [Lichens] ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> '''Effects on Plant Germination and Growth ''' (Positive and Negative):<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2048 2018-05-07T15:45:32Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it in a pasture. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_lichen_22.jpg|border|200px]] <br /> ''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == [Lichens] ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> '''Effects on Plant Germination and Growth ''' (Positive and Negative):<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=2047 2018-05-07T15:42:48Z

<p>Cjcampbe: </p> <hr /> <div>== What is it? ==<br /> Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, and mosses.<br /> Algae are the most common and abundant of them all due to their adaptive ability, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with out the assistance of a microscope. <br /> These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br /> Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br /> <br /> The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some animal walking over it in a pasture. Humans hiking up in the mountains has also had a detrimental impact on the population of Soil Crust communities. <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_arch_01.jpg|border|200px]]''Sign indicating how important it is to stay to the beaten path!''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:UT_lichen_22.jpg|border|200px]] <br /> ''<br /> <br /> == Habitat ==<br /> <br /> These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states, Australia and Antartica.. Soil Crust communities are highly specialized community of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens that along with their biomass and wastre products creat the Soild crust that cover the surface of otherwise barren landscapes.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Bryophytes ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cyanobacteria ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == [Lichens] ==<br /> Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its &quot;parent&quot; organisms.<br /> <br /> They are distinguished by their growth patterns and because of this they can be used to age past events. This is done by measuring their radial size and then based on this we can infer how long that lichen has been growing on that barren rock. Which we can then determine how long that barren rock has been barren and exposed. [[File:|border\200px]] <br /> <br /> Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br /> Lichens can also do Nitrogen and carbon fixation, as well as producing a array of different colors due to different pigments they release. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Styles of Lichens'''''<br /> <br /> ''Crustose'': These Lichens form a close bond with the surface upon which it is growing on. Forming a biological adhesive layer with the abiotic surface<br /> <br /> ''Foliose'': These lichen have the unique ability to change their reproductive habits based purely on environmental stresses. The more disturbances their are, the more they use sexual reproduction. While the more stable the environment is the more they use asexual reproduction. <br /> <br /> ''Squamulose'': These lichen are often small overlapping segments called squamules. They are not smooth and on the same plane as the surface they grow on, instead they almost appear bumpy. Squamulose lichen are a inter-median of Crustose and Foliose lichens<br /> <br /> == Impact ==<br /> <br /> '''Albedo''' : Depending on which crust community you look at, they have a range of different colors, which differ from the surface they are growing on. Thus they are changing the albedo of that local area, this can either increase or decrease the local temperature. In most cases it increases it.<br /> <br /> They perform ecological functions that benifit the surrounding evnironment. <br /> <br /> '''Soil Stability''' : The habitats where Soil Crust form are areas where other plant growth is slow and in most places none-existent. Therefore soil growth is slow and soil erosion is high. Where cryptogrammic crust forms it binds, strengths the soil making it just that much harder for it to be eroded away.<br /> <br /> '''Water Infiltration''': Cryptogramic Soil Crust communities can affect he regions hydrologic cycle, depending in which type, in a positive or negative way. Including absorbance and retention abilities of the soil, along with soil porosity itself by changes how the rain and runoff water interacts at the surface.<br /> <br /> '''Effects on Plant Germination and Growth ''' (Positive and Negative):<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> 1) Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br /> <br /> 2)Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.<br /> <br /> 3)Ahmadjian, V. The nature of lichens:31-36.<br /> <br /> 4)Gallery - Utah Lichens, www.tanelorn.us/data/utah_08/gal_utah_bio1.htm.<br /> <br /> 5)Belnap, Jayne (August 5, 2013). &quot;Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place&quot;. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.<br /> <br /> 6) Dobson, F.S. (2011). Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780855463151.</div>

Cjcampbe