https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Cilaird 2026-04-20T08:18:02Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11226 2023-05-12T17:38:23Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2.jpeg|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> [[File:horticulture3.jpeg|500px]]<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; English botanist and the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Contributed a lot of knowledge to the studies of fungi, algae, and ferns.<br /> * George Bentham &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; named the “Premiere botanist of the nineteenth century”<br /> * Joseph Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Founder of geographical botany <br /> * John Abercrombie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Scottish horticulturalist, known best for his book “Every Man His Own Gardener”<br /> * Chris Baines &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; English naturalist, a leading environmentalist in the UK, and a landscape architect<br /> * Carolus Clusius &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; French scientific horticulturalist of the 16th century, most known for his cultivation of the tulip, potato, and chestnut. His work began the tulip industry of the Netherlands<br /> * Mary McMurtie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Scottish botanical artist and horticulturalist who wrote and illustrated three pictorial flower guides<br /> [[File:marymcmurtrie.jpeg|500px<br /> ]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] &quot;Why Horticulture?&quot;. Department of Horticultural Science. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.<br /> [2] Janick, Jules (1979). Horticultural science. p. 1. ISBN 0-7167-1031-5. OCLC 4194358<br /> [3] Cameron, Ross; Hitchmough, James (2016-03-24). Environmental Horticulture: Science and Management of Green Landscapes. CABI. ISBN 978-1-78064-138-6.<br /> [4] “Definition of Horticulture and its Branches&quot;. agrihortieducation.com.<br /> [5] &quot;The Royal Horticultural Society, UK charity focussed on the art, science and practice of horticulture&quot;. The Royal Horticultural Society Website.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11224 2023-05-12T17:35:22Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2.jpeg|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> [[File:horticulture3.jpeg|500px]]<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; English botanist and the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Contributed a lot of knowledge to the studies of fungi, algae, and ferns.<br /> * George Bentham &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; named the “Premiere botanist of the nineteenth century”<br /> * Joseph Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Founder of geographical botany <br /> * John Abercrombie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Scottish horticulturalist, known best for his book “Every Man His Own Gardener”<br /> * Chris Baines &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; English naturalist, a leading environmentalist in the UK, and a landscape architect<br /> * Carolus Clusius &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; French scientific horticulturalist of the 16th century, most known for his cultivation of the tulip, potato, and chestnut. His work began the tulip industry of the Netherlands<br /> * Mary McMurtie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Scottish botanical artist and horticulturalist who wrote and illustrated three pictorial flower guides<br /> [[File:marymcmurtrie.jpeg|500px<br /> ]]</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11223 2023-05-12T17:34:51Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2.jpeg|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> [[File:horticulture3.jpeg|500px]]<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; English botanist and the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Contributed a lot of knowledge to the studies of fungi, algae, and ferns.<br /> * George Bentham &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; named the “Premiere botanist of the nineteenth century”<br /> * Joseph Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Founder of geographical botany <br /> * John Abercrombie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Scottish horticulturalist, known best for his book “Every Man His Own Gardener”<br /> * Chris Baines &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; English naturalist, a leading environmentalist in the UK, and a landscape architect<br /> * Carolus Clusius &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; French scientific horticulturalist of the 16th century, most known for his cultivation of the tulip, potato, and chestnut. His work began the tulip industry of the Netherlands<br /> * Mary McMurtie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Scottish botanical artist and horticulturalist who wrote and illustrated three pictorial flower guides<br /> [[File:marymcmurtrie.jpeg|500px<br /> ]]</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11222 2023-05-12T17:34:26Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2.jpeg|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> [[File:horticulture3.jpeg|500px]]<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; English botanist and the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Contributed a lot of knowledge to the studies of fungi, algae, and ferns.<br /> * George Bentham &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; named the “Premiere botanist of the nineteenth century”<br /> * Joseph Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Founder of geographical botany <br /> * John Abercrombie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Scottish horticulturalist, known best for his book “Every Man His Own Gardener”<br /> * Chris Baines &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; English naturalist, a leading environmentalist in the UK, and a landscape architect<br /> * Carolus Clusius &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; French scientific horticulturalist of the 16th century, most known for his cultivation of the tulip, potato, and chestnut. His work began the tulip industry of the Netherlands<br /> * Mary McMurtie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Scottish botanical artist and horticulturalist who wrote and illustrated three pictorial flower guides<br /> [[File:marymcmurtrie.jpeg|500]]</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Marymcmurtrie.jpeg&diff=11220 2023-05-12T17:33:46Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Mcmurtrie.webp&diff=11219 2023-05-12T17:32:35Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11217 2023-05-12T17:30:48Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2.jpeg|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> [[File:horticulture3.jpeg|500px]]<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; English botanist and the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Contributed a lot of knowledge to the studies of fungi, algae, and ferns.<br /> * George Bentham &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; named the “Premiere botanist of the nineteenth century”<br /> * Joseph Hooker &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Founder of geographical botany <br /> * John Abercrombie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Scottish horticulturalist, known best for his book “Every Man His Own Gardener”<br /> * Chris Baines &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; English naturalist, a leading environmentalist in the UK, and a landscape architect<br /> * Carolus Clusius &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; French scientific horticulturalist of the 16th century, most known for his cultivation of the tulip, potato, and chestnut. His work began the tulip industry of the Netherlands<br /> * Mary McMurtie &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt; Scottish botanical artist and horticulturalist who wrote and illustrated three pictorial flower guides</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11214 2023-05-12T17:16:17Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Divisions */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2.jpeg|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> [[File:horticulture3.jpeg|500px]]<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Horticulture3.jpeg&diff=11212 2023-05-12T17:15:15Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11210 2023-05-12T17:12:21Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2.jpeg|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=11209 2023-05-12T17:12:05Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of [[agriculture]] concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. This includes fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> [[File:horticulture2|400px]]<br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Horticulture2.jpeg&diff=11208 2023-05-12T17:11:12Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Horticulture1.webp&diff=11207 2023-05-12T17:10:02Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11206 2023-05-12T17:08:29Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> [[File: soilpores.jpeg|480px]]<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png|500px]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Soilparticles.jpeg|400px]]<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> Soil pores are where the liquid and gaseous portions of soil are found. Capillary power is dependent on the type and size of the pores in a material.<br /> <br /> === Macropore ===<br /> * Macropores have almost no capillary action because they are the largest sized pores<br /> *Likely the result of cracking, root growth, or zoological movement<br /> *Unless there are specific circumstances stopping the flow of water these pores contain only gases<br /> <br /> === Mesopores ===<br /> *<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Brewer, Roy (1964). Fabric and mineral analysis of soils. Huntington, N.Y.: R.E. Krieger (published 1980). ISBN 978-0882753140.<br /> [2] Chesworth, Ward (2008). Encyclopedia of soil science. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 694. ISBN 978-1402039942.<br /> [3] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.<br /> [4] Malcolm E. Sumner (31 August 1999). Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press. p. A-232. ISBN 978-0-8493-3136-7.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11205 2023-05-12T17:06:04Z

<p>Cilaird: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> [[File: soilpores.jpeg|480px]]<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png|500px]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Soilparticles.jpeg|400px]]<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> Soil pores are where the liquid and gaseous portions of soil are found. Capillary power is dependent on the type and size of the pores in a material.<br /> <br /> === Macropore ===<br /> * Macropores have almost no capillary action because they are the largest sized pores<br /> <br /> === Mesopores ===<br /> *<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Brewer, Roy (1964). Fabric and mineral analysis of soils. Huntington, N.Y.: R.E. Krieger (published 1980). ISBN 978-0882753140.<br /> [2] Chesworth, Ward (2008). Encyclopedia of soil science. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 694. ISBN 978-1402039942.<br /> [3] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.<br /> [4] Malcolm E. Sumner (31 August 1999). Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press. p. A-232. ISBN 978-0-8493-3136-7.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11202 2023-05-12T17:01:48Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> [[File: soilpores.jpeg|480px]]<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png|500px]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Soilparticles.jpeg|400px]]<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> Soil pores are where the liquid and gaseous portions of soil are found. Capillary power is dependent on the type and size of the pores in a material.<br /> <br /> === Macropore ===<br /> * Macropores have almost no capillary action because they are the largest sized pores<br /> <br /> === Mesopores ===<br /> *<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11141 2023-05-12T16:06:51Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Porosity in Earth Science */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> [[File: soilpores.jpeg|480px]]<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png|500px]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Soilparticles.jpeg|400px]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11140 2023-05-12T16:05:58Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Porosity in Earth Science */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> [[File: soilpores.jpeg|480px]]<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png|500px]]<br /> <br /> [[File:soilparticles.png|400px]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soilparticles.jpeg&diff=11139 2023-05-12T16:05:02Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11138 2023-05-12T16:01:24Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> [[File: soilpores.jpeg|480px]]<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png|500px]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soilpores.jpeg&diff=11137 2023-05-12T15:59:48Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11135 2023-05-12T15:56:45Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Porosity in Earth Science */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png|500px]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11134 2023-05-12T15:56:14Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11133 2023-05-12T15:53:46Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> [[File:///9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:9FDE2B38-94FC-495B-A12B-F57898660EFC.png&diff=11132 2023-05-12T15:52:42Z

<p>Cilaird: Different Sized Pore Spaces in Soil</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Different Sized Pore Spaces in Soil</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11129 2023-05-12T15:46:48Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11128 2023-05-12T15:42:52Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [[File:carbonate.png|500px]]<br /> [1]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11125 2023-05-12T15:42:17Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [[File:carbonate.png|500px]] [1]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11123 2023-05-12T15:41:51Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [[File:carbonate.png|200px]] [1]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11122 2023-05-12T15:41:31Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [[File:carbonate.png|20px]] [1]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11119 2023-05-12T15:39:57Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [[File:carbonate.png]] [1]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11118 2023-05-12T15:39:29Z

<p>Cilaird: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [File:carbonate.png] [1]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11117 2023-05-12T15:39:09Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [File:carbonate.png] [1]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.&gt;</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11116 2023-05-12T15:38:10Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> [Image:carbonate.png] &lt;1&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.&gt;</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Gastropoda&diff=11115 2023-05-12T15:37:04Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Partula.jpg|thumb|''Partula taeniata, a tree snail from Moorea, French Polynesia.''[https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/gastropoda.php]]<br /> == Background &amp; Life History ==<br /> The class gastropoda takes its name from the Greek words &quot;gaster&quot; meaning gastric and &quot;pous&quot; meaning foot, referring to their guts located just above their foot. They have a long and rich fossil record from the Early Cambrian that shows periodic extinctions of subclades, followed by diversification of new groups. The Class Gastropoda includes snails, [[slugs]], limpets, and sea hares. Gastropods have been prominent throughout paleobiologic and biological historical studies, and have served as study [[organisms]] in numerous evolutionary, biomechanical, ecological, physiological, and behavioral investigations [5]. <br /> <br /> Gastropods are mainly dioecious yet some forms are hermaphroditic. Hermaphroditic forms exchange bundles of sperm to avoid self-fertilization; copulation may be complex and in some species ends with each individual sending a sperm-containing dart into the tissues of the other [6]. Marine species have veliger larvae. Most aquatic gastropods are benthic and mainly epifaunal but some are planktonic [5].<br /> <br /> == Ecology &amp; Habitat ==<br /> Gastropods live in every conceivable habitat on Earth, with worldwide distribution. They have adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth and colonized nearly every available medium. They occupy all marine habitats ranging from the deepest ocean basins to the supralittoral, as well as freshwater habitats, and other inland aquatic habitats including salt lakes [3]. They are also the only terrestrial mollusks to be found in virtually all habitats ranging from high mountains to deserts and rainforest, and from the tropics to high latitudes. Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are terrestrial gastropods (the land snails and slugs). Some live in freshwater, but the majority of gastropods live in a marine environment. In habitats where there is not enough calcium carbonate to build a solid shell, such as some acidic soils on land, there are still various species of slugs, and also some snails with a thin translucent shell, mostly or entirely composed of the protein conchiolin [4].<br /> <br /> Their feeding habits are extremely varied, although most species make use of a radula (structure of tiny teeth) in some aspect of their feeding behavior. They include grazers, browsers, suspension feeders, scavengers, [[detritivores]], and carnivores. Carnivory in some taxa may simply involve grazing on colonial [[animals]], while others engage in hunting their prey. Some gastropod carnivores drill holes in their shelled prey. This method of entry has been acquired independently in several groups, as is also the case with carnivory itself. Some gastropods feed suctorially and have lost the radula [5].<br /> <br /> ==Diversity==<br /> Gastropoda are one of the most diverse class of animals, in both form and habitat, falling only second behind [[insects]]. They are the most abundant class in number and species of the phylum Mollusca. With more than 62,000 described living species, they comprise about 80% of all living mollusks. Fossil records show around 15,000 species while estimates of current day species ranges from 40,000 to 150,000 depending on the study cited. The diversity of gastropods can be seen in their anatomy, habits, shell morphology, and habitat. They can be found in nearly every habitat found on Earth, being the only mollusks to contain terrestrial species [5]. Few marine gastropod species can live in the abyssal zone or the continental shelf; marine gastropod diversity is highest at the continental slope and the continental rise.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> Gastropods are characterized by having a true head, an unsegmented body, a broad, flat foot and the possession of a single, often coiled shell, although this is lost in some slug groups. When present, the shell is in one piece and spirally coiled. The uppermost part of the shell is formed from the larval shell (the protoconch). The shell is partly or entirely lost in the juveniles or adults of some groups, with total loss occurring in several groups of land slugs and sea slugs. All fossil gastropods and most modern ones have a coiled shell, which is all that remains for the identification of fossil forms, while the identification of modern species is based largely on soft body parts [2]. The mantle cavity and visceral mass undergo torsion. Torsion takes place during the veliger stage, usually very rapidly. Veligers are at first bilaterally symmetric, but torsion destroys this pattern and results in an asymmetric adult. Some species reverse torsion (&quot;detorsion&quot;), but evidence of having passed through a twisted phase can be seen in the anatomy of these forms [6]. Torsion in gastropods has the unfortunate result of waste being expelled from the gut and nephridia near the gills. A variety of morphological and physiological adaptations have arisen to separate water used for respiration from water bearing waste products [6]. There is also usually a well-developed radula. They have a muscular foot which is used for &quot;creeping&quot; locomotion in most species, while in some it is modified for swimming or burrowing. The foot is usually rather large and typically bears an operculum that seals the shell opening (aperture) when the head-foot is retracted into the shell. They move by producing a mucus lubricant under the flat ventral surface of the foot and a series of muscular contractions allow them to “slide” across the substrate. Most gastropods have a well-developed head that includes eyes (short to long stalks), 1-2 pairs of tentacles, and a concentration of nervous tissue (ganglion) [6]. The mantle edge in some taxa is extended anteriorly to form an inhalant siphon and this is sometimes associated with an elongation of the shell opening (aperture) [5]. The nervous and circulatory systems are well developed with the concentration of nerve ganglia being a common evolutionary theme. Many snails have an [[operculum]], a horny plate that seals the opening when the snail's body is drawn into the shell. Externally, gastropods appear to be bilaterally symmetrical, however, they are one of the most successful clades of asymmetric organisms known [5] .<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Shell morph.jpg|caption]] <br /> <br /> ''Variation in shell morphology in some marine gastropods. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:Gastropod Morphology.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Due to their abundance and [[diversity]], gastropoda play important roles in ecosystem functions by serving as prey for many other species and promoting the [[decomposition]] of dead plant/ vegetable matter and the subsequent recycling of nutrients [7]. They eat very low on the food web, as most land snails will consume rotting vegetation like moist leaf litter, fungi, or even eat [[soil]] directly. Indirectly, they are of great importance by furnishing food for many fish and other animals. Snails unfortunately, can be of economic importance, as they can vector parasites that risk the health of humans and animals<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [1] Holthuis, B.V. (1995): ''Evolution between marine and freshwater habitats: a case study of the gastropod suborder Neritopsina.'' Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington<br /> <br /> [2] Allaby, M. 2020. A Dictionary of Zoology. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM.<br /> <br /> [3] “The Gastropoda.” Ucmp.berkeley.edu, 1999, ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/gastropoda.php.<br /> <br /> [4] “Gastropoda.” Wikipedia, 29 Nov. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda.<br /> <br /> [5] “Mollusca: Gastropoda.” Ucmp.berkeley.edu, ucmp.berkeley.edu/mollusca/mollusca/gastropoda/gastropoda.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Myers, P., and J. B. Burch. 2001. Gastropoda. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gastropoda/.<br /> <br /> [7] P. Bloch, C. 2012. Why Snails? How Gastropods Improve Our Understanding of Ecological Disturbance. Bridgewater Review Vol. 31.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Gastropoda&diff=11114 2023-05-12T15:36:31Z

<p>Cilaird: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Partula.jpg|thumb|''Partula taeniata, a tree snail from Moorea, French Polynesia.''[https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/gastropoda.php]]<br /> == Background &amp; Life History ==<br /> The class gastropoda takes its name from the Greek words &quot;gaster&quot; meaning gastric and &quot;pous&quot; meaning foot, referring to their guts located just above their foot. They have a long and rich fossil record from the Early Cambrian that shows periodic extinctions of subclades, followed by diversification of new groups. The Class Gastropoda includes snails, [[slugs]], limpets, and sea hares. Gastropods have been prominent throughout paleobiologic and biological historical studies, and have served as study [[organisms]] in numerous evolutionary, biomechanical, ecological, physiological, and behavioral investigations [5]. <br /> <br /> Gastropods are mainly dioecious yet some forms are hermaphroditic. Hermaphroditic forms exchange bundles of sperm to avoid self-fertilization; copulation may be complex and in some species ends with each individual sending a sperm-containing dart into the tissues of the other [6]. Marine species have veliger larvae. Most aquatic gastropods are benthic and mainly epifaunal but some are planktonic [5].<br /> <br /> == Ecology &amp; Habitat ==<br /> Gastropods live in every conceivable habitat on Earth, with worldwide distribution. They have adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth and colonized nearly every available medium. They occupy all marine habitats ranging from the deepest ocean basins to the supralittoral, as well as freshwater habitats, and other inland aquatic habitats including salt lakes [3]. They are also the only terrestrial mollusks to be found in virtually all habitats ranging from high mountains to deserts and rainforest, and from the tropics to high latitudes. Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are terrestrial gastropods (the land snails and slugs). Some live in freshwater, but the majority of gastropods live in a marine environment. In habitats where there is not enough calcium carbonate to build a solid shell, such as some acidic soils on land, there are still various species of slugs, and also some snails with a thin translucent shell, mostly or entirely composed of the protein conchiolin [4].<br /> <br /> Their feeding habits are extremely varied, although most species make use of a radula (structure of tiny teeth) in some aspect of their feeding behavior. They include grazers, browsers, suspension feeders, scavengers, [[detritivores]], and carnivores. Carnivory in some taxa may simply involve grazing on colonial [[animals]], while others engage in hunting their prey. Some gastropod carnivores drill holes in their shelled prey. This method of entry has been acquired independently in several groups, as is also the case with carnivory itself. Some gastropods feed suctorially and have lost the radula [5].<br /> <br /> ==Diversity==<br /> Gastropoda are one of the most diverse class of animals, in both form and habitat, falling only second behind [[insects]]. They are the most abundant class in number and species of the phylum Mollusca. With more than 62,000 described living species, they comprise about 80% of all living mollusks. Fossil records show around 15,000 species while estimates of current day species ranges from 40,000 to 150,000 depending on the study cited. The diversity of gastropods can be seen in their anatomy, habits, shell morphology, and habitat. They can be found in nearly every habitat found on Earth, being the only mollusks to contain terrestrial species [5]. Few marine gastropod species can live in the abyssal zone or the continental shelf; marine gastropod diversity is highest at the continental slope and the continental rise.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> Gastropods are characterized by having a true head, an unsegmented body, a broad, flat foot and the possession of a single, often coiled shell, although this is lost in some slug groups. When present, the shell is in one piece and spirally coiled. The uppermost part of the shell is formed from the larval shell (the protoconch). The shell is partly or entirely lost in the juveniles or adults of some groups, with total loss occurring in several groups of land slugs and sea slugs. All fossil gastropods and most modern ones have a coiled shell, which is all that remains for the identification of fossil forms, while the identification of modern species is based largely on soft body parts [2]. The mantle cavity and visceral mass undergo torsion. Torsion takes place during the veliger stage, usually very rapidly. Veligers are at first bilaterally symmetric, but torsion destroys this pattern and results in an asymmetric adult. Some species reverse torsion (&quot;detorsion&quot;), but evidence of having passed through a twisted phase can be seen in the anatomy of these forms [6]. Torsion in gastropods has the unfortunate result of waste being expelled from the gut and nephridia near the gills. A variety of morphological and physiological adaptations have arisen to separate water used for respiration from water bearing waste products [6]. There is also usually a well-developed radula. They have a muscular foot which is used for &quot;creeping&quot; locomotion in most species, while in some it is modified for swimming or burrowing. The foot is usually rather large and typically bears an operculum that seals the shell opening (aperture) when the head-foot is retracted into the shell. They move by producing a mucus lubricant under the flat ventral surface of the foot and a series of muscular contractions allow them to “slide” across the substrate. Most gastropods have a well-developed head that includes eyes (short to long stalks), 1-2 pairs of tentacles, and a concentration of nervous tissue (ganglion) [6]. The mantle edge in some taxa is extended anteriorly to form an inhalant siphon and this is sometimes associated with an elongation of the shell opening (aperture) [5]. The nervous and circulatory systems are well developed with the concentration of nerve ganglia being a common evolutionary theme. Many snails have an [[operculum]], a horny plate that seals the opening when the snail's body is drawn into the shell. Externally, gastropods appear to be bilaterally symmetrical, however, they are one of the most successful clades of asymmetric organisms known [5] .<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Shell morph.jpg|caption]] <br /> ''Variation in shell morphology in some marine gastropods. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:Gastropod Morphology.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Due to their abundance and [[diversity]], gastropoda play important roles in ecosystem functions by serving as prey for many other species and promoting the [[decomposition]] of dead plant/ vegetable matter and the subsequent recycling of nutrients [7]. They eat very low on the food web, as most land snails will consume rotting vegetation like moist leaf litter, fungi, or even eat [[soil]] directly. Indirectly, they are of great importance by furnishing food for many fish and other animals. Snails unfortunately, can be of economic importance, as they can vector parasites that risk the health of humans and animals<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [1] Holthuis, B.V. (1995): ''Evolution between marine and freshwater habitats: a case study of the gastropod suborder Neritopsina.'' Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington<br /> <br /> [2] Allaby, M. 2020. A Dictionary of Zoology. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM.<br /> <br /> [3] “The Gastropoda.” Ucmp.berkeley.edu, 1999, ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/gastropoda.php.<br /> <br /> [4] “Gastropoda.” Wikipedia, 29 Nov. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda.<br /> <br /> [5] “Mollusca: Gastropoda.” Ucmp.berkeley.edu, ucmp.berkeley.edu/mollusca/mollusca/gastropoda/gastropoda.html.<br /> <br /> [6] Myers, P., and J. B. Burch. 2001. Gastropoda. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gastropoda/.<br /> <br /> [7] P. Bloch, C. 2012. Why Snails? How Gastropods Improve Our Understanding of Ecological Disturbance. Bridgewater Review Vol. 31.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Gastropoda&diff=11113 2023-05-12T15:35:50Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Partula.jpg|thumb|''Partula taeniata, a tree snail from Moorea, French Polynesia.''[https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/gastropoda.php]]<br /> == Background &amp; Life History ==<br /> The class gastropoda takes its name from the Greek words &quot;gaster&quot; meaning gastric and &quot;pous&quot; meaning foot, referring to their guts located just above their foot. They have a long and rich fossil record from the Early Cambrian that shows periodic extinctions of subclades, followed by diversification of new groups. The Class Gastropoda includes snails, [[slugs]], limpets, and sea hares. Gastropods have been prominent throughout paleobiologic and biological historical studies, and have served as study [[organisms]] in numerous evolutionary, biomechanical, ecological, physiological, and behavioral investigations [5]. <br /> <br /> Gastropods are mainly dioecious yet some forms are hermaphroditic. Hermaphroditic forms exchange bundles of sperm to avoid self-fertilization; copulation may be complex and in some species ends with each individual sending a sperm-containing dart into the tissues of the other [6]. Marine species have veliger larvae. Most aquatic gastropods are benthic and mainly epifaunal but some are planktonic [5].<br /> <br /> == Ecology &amp; Habitat ==<br /> Gastropods live in every conceivable habitat on Earth, with worldwide distribution. They have adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth and colonized nearly every available medium. They occupy all marine habitats ranging from the deepest ocean basins to the supralittoral, as well as freshwater habitats, and other inland aquatic habitats including salt lakes [3]. They are also the only terrestrial mollusks to be found in virtually all habitats ranging from high mountains to deserts and rainforest, and from the tropics to high latitudes. Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are terrestrial gastropods (the land snails and slugs). Some live in freshwater, but the majority of gastropods live in a marine environment. In habitats where there is not enough calcium carbonate to build a solid shell, such as some acidic soils on land, there are still various species of slugs, and also some snails with a thin translucent shell, mostly or entirely composed of the protein conchiolin [4].<br /> <br /> Their feeding habits are extremely varied, although most species make use of a radula (structure of tiny teeth) in some aspect of their feeding behavior. They include grazers, browsers, suspension feeders, scavengers, [[detritivores]], and carnivores. Carnivory in some taxa may simply involve grazing on colonial [[animals]], while others engage in hunting their prey. Some gastropod carnivores drill holes in their shelled prey. This method of entry has been acquired independently in several groups, as is also the case with carnivory itself. Some gastropods feed suctorially and have lost the radula [5].<br /> <br /> ==Diversity==<br /> Gastropoda are one of the most diverse class of animals, in both form and habitat, falling only second behind [[insects]]. They are the most abundant class in number and species of the phylum Mollusca. With more than 62,000 described living species, they comprise about 80% of all living mollusks. Fossil records show around 15,000 species while estimates of current day species ranges from 40,000 to 150,000 depending on the study cited. The diversity of gastropods can be seen in their anatomy, habits, shell morphology, and habitat. They can be found in nearly every habitat found on Earth, being the only mollusks to contain terrestrial species [5]. Few marine gastropod species can live in the abyssal zone or the continental shelf; marine gastropod diversity is highest at the continental slope and the continental rise.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> Gastropods are characterized by having a true head, an unsegmented body, a broad, flat foot and the possession of a single, often coiled shell, although this is lost in some slug groups. When present, the shell is in one piece and spirally coiled. The uppermost part of the shell is formed from the larval shell (the protoconch). The shell is partly or entirely lost in the juveniles or adults of some groups, with total loss occurring in several groups of land slugs and sea slugs. All fossil gastropods and most modern ones have a coiled shell, which is all that remains for the identification of fossil forms, while the identification of modern species is based largely on soft body parts [2]. The mantle cavity and visceral mass undergo torsion. Torsion takes place during the veliger stage, usually very rapidly. Veligers are at first bilaterally symmetric, but torsion destroys this pattern and results in an asymmetric adult. Some species reverse torsion (&quot;detorsion&quot;), but evidence of having passed through a twisted phase can be seen in the anatomy of these forms [6]. Torsion in gastropods has the unfortunate result of waste being expelled from the gut and nephridia near the gills. A variety of morphological and physiological adaptations have arisen to separate water used for respiration from water bearing waste products [6]. There is also usually a well-developed radula. They have a muscular foot which is used for &quot;creeping&quot; locomotion in most species, while in some it is modified for swimming or burrowing. The foot is usually rather large and typically bears an operculum that seals the shell opening (aperture) when the head-foot is retracted into the shell. They move by producing a mucus lubricant under the flat ventral surface of the foot and a series of muscular contractions allow them to “slide” across the substrate. Most gastropods have a well-developed head that includes eyes (short to long stalks), 1-2 pairs of tentacles, and a concentration of nervous tissue (ganglion) [6]. The mantle edge in some taxa is extended anteriorly to form an inhalant siphon and this is sometimes associated with an elongation of the shell opening (aperture) [5]. The nervous and circulatory systems are well developed with the concentration of nerve ganglia being a common evolutionary theme. Many snails have an [[operculum]], a horny plate that seals the opening when the snail's body is drawn into the shell. Externally, gastropods appear to be bilaterally symmetrical, however, they are one of the most successful clades of asymmetric organisms known [5] .<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Shell morph.jpg|caption]] <br /> ''Variation in shell morphology in some marine gastropods. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:Gastropod Morphology.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Due to their abundance and [[diversity]], gastropoda play important roles in ecosystem functions by serving as prey for many other species and promoting the [[decomposition]] of dead plant/ vegetable matter and the subsequent recycling of nutrients [7]. They eat very low on the food web, as most land snails will consume rotting vegetation like moist leaf litter, fungi, or even eat [[soil]] directly. Indirectly, they are of great importance by furnishing food for many fish and other animals. Snails unfortunately, can be of economic importance, as they can vector parasites that risk the health of humans and animals<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [1] Holthuis, B.V. (1995): ''Evolution between marine and freshwater habitats: a case study of the gastropod suborder Neritopsina.'' Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington<br /> [2] Allaby, M. 2020. A Dictionary of Zoology. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM.<br /> [3] “The Gastropoda.” Ucmp.berkeley.edu, 1999, ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/gastropoda.php.<br /> [4] “Gastropoda.” Wikipedia, 29 Nov. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda.<br /> [5] “Mollusca: Gastropoda.” Ucmp.berkeley.edu, ucmp.berkeley.edu/mollusca/mollusca/gastropoda/gastropoda.html.<br /> [6] Myers, P., and J. B. Burch. 2001. Gastropoda. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gastropoda/.<br /> [7] P. Bloch, C. 2012. Why Snails? How Gastropods Improve Our Understanding of Ecological Disturbance. Bridgewater Review Vol. 31.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11109 2023-05-12T15:31:48Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> Image:carbonate.png &lt;1&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.&gt;</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11108 2023-05-12T15:31:40Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Types of Pores */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> Image: carbonate.png &lt;1&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.&gt;</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=11107 2023-05-12T15:31:26Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.<br /> <br /> == Types of Pores ==<br /> File: carbonate.png &lt;1&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;Choquette, P. W., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates: AAPG Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207–250.&gt;</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Carbonate.png&diff=11100 2023-05-12T15:22:46Z

<p>Cilaird: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=10988 2023-05-10T18:09:06Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Porosity in Earth Science */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> == Porosity in Earth Science ==<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=10921 2023-05-10T17:42:07Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Porosity in Earth Science */</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> === Porosity in Earth Science ===<br /> The porosity of a rock, for instance, is calculated by dividing the total volume of pore space by the total volume of the rock. This information is important in geology, soil science, and for construction projects as well as investigations of a site for environmental impact statements. There are general categories that porosity falls into: no pores which means it is not porous or permeable, unconnected pore spaces making the material porous and non-permeable, or connected pore spaces which makes the material porous and permeable. In terms of particles in soils, [[clay]] is the most porous with the smallest particle sizes, [[silt]] falls in the middle in terms of porosity, and [[sand]] is porous as well as permeable. Clays have an astounding porosity capability and are not considered permeable as they can stop the flow of water in soils.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Porosity&diff=10893 2023-05-10T17:24:09Z

<p>Cilaird: Created page with &quot;== Definition and Background == Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In soil science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Definition and Background ==<br /> Porosity is concentration of the spaces between particles of a material. In [[soil]] science, pore spaces are indicative of soil types, composition, and particle size. Similar to porosity is permeability, the measure of a material to transport fluids, while porosity is the measure of a material to hold fluids. Together porosity and permeability show the drainage capabilities of soils, rocks, and other substrates.<br /> <br /> === Porosity in Earth Science ===</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=10131 2023-04-03T03:42:31Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of agriculture concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. Fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> <br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pioneering American botanist and horticulturist. Created 800 plant varieties over a 55 year career.<br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=10127 2023-04-03T03:10:55Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of agriculture concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. Fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> <br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;no/wiki&gt; American horticulturalist who confounded the American Society for Horticultural Science. Often referred to as the father of American horticulture<br /> * Luther Burbank &lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;no/wiki&gt; <br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Structures&diff=10102 2023-04-02T23:09:40Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Soil Structure */ grammar edits</p> <hr /> <div>==[[Soil]] Structure== <br /> Soil structure refers to the arrangement or groups of particles. These arrangements can be composed of particles ranging from nonstructural loose coarse grains to aggregates like chunks of sod. [5] Soil structures also encompass the pore space between soil particles. Pore spaces are air pockets found between particles in the soil and can vary greatly in size. Large pore spaces allow water to move quickly through the soil while pore spaces between many small particles allow for high absorption rates. Soil structure is achieved when soil particles experience cohesion forces that are greater than adhesion. Cohesion forces allow soil particles to clump, bind, and aggregate ([[aggregate formation]]). Stabilization is achieved through bonding agents such as plant, microbial polysaccharides, and gums. [5] Roots and Fungal Hyphae such as mycorrhizal fungi can act as bonding agents. Some soils have a lack of structure; this occurs when no particles stay in place with an introduction of a disturbance such as a shovel blade. [7] Soil structure influences ecosystem [[properties]] such as water retention, soil water movement, erosion, nutrient recycling, root penetration, and crop yield. [2]<br /> <br /> Soil structure can be observed as a soil mass when, under stress, it breaks along planes. These planes form the boundary of structural units called a “ped”, which have different spatial soil particle arrangements. [7] Clods are formed through artificial human-caused disturbances such as a mechanical disturbance (tilling a field). Such disturbances allow denser particles to be configured to the surface in the layer. [7] One soil may have various peds based on shape in the subsurface and surface horizons. [5] Peds are shaped by temperature, moisture, chemical, and biological conditions. Each of these conditions may vary depending on the level in the soil horizon. [5] The Pedon is the area of soil structure being categorized. It can be as small as 1 square meter or as large as 10 square meters. [5]<br /> <br /> ==Soil Structure Formation==<br /> <br /> Soil structure is shaped by the input of organic compounds into the soil along with plants, fungi, microbes, soil compaction, freezing-thawing, wetting, and drying events. [5] Aggregates are the physical and biological compounds which soil particles cohere to. Aggregation can be increased through root activity. Roots release Polygalacturonic Acid which acts to stabilize aggregates through a higher bond strength and a slower wetting rate. [2] The more fibrous a root is, the more macro-aggregation will occur within the [[rhizosphere]]. [2] One of the most important biotic influences on aggregates is [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi|Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]] (AMF) through the release of Glomalin, a glycoprotein which acts to stabilize aggregates. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil agg.jpg|650px]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure 1''' Soil Microaggregates. Note the influence of root fibers, hyphae, and microbial debris. ''Image From Tisdall &amp; Oades, 1982'' [10]<br /> <br /> ==Classification==<br /> <br /> Soil structures can be classified by their size, structure, shape, and grade.<br /> <br /> ===Soil Size, Shape, and Structure===<br /> <br /> [[File:Soil structure.gif |500px]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure 2:''' The various soil structure types categorized based on grain size and shape. [2]<br /> <br /> ====Size====<br /> <br /> Soil grain size refers to the size of individual grains/particles of soil. [[Clay]] soils have grains smaller than .002mm in diameter, [[silt]] particles range from .002mm to .05mm in diameter, and [[sand]] particles range from .05mm to 2.0mm in diameter. All of these particles cohere to create clumps which range in size from less than .05cm to 5cm. These clump sizes help to make up and classify soil structures.<br /> <br /> ====Shape====<br /> Shape, in relation to to soil structure, refers to how soil “clumps” cohere to one another. They can range from small granular pieces with limited consistency to large columnar clumps or platy sheets of soil. These shapes are apparent when the soil is disturbed and begins to break apart.<br /> <br /> ====Structure====<br /> Soil structure is classified based on both soil grain shape and size. Structure can be defined as granular, blocky, prismatic, columnar, platy, or single grained. Soil structures are defined by clump sizes which may be less than 0.5 cm in diameter, 1.5-5 cm in diameter, or greater than 5 cm in diameter. Soil structure influences water flow through soils. Soil structures with larger pore spaces allow for water to flow through them quickly with limited absorption. When soil structure is composed of many small particles, such as clay soils, liquid absorption rate will increase. Large pore spaces are associated with soil structures that are blocky, prismatic, columnar, platy, or massive while small pore spaces are associated with soil structures that are granular or single grained.<br /> <br /> [[File:Soil_structures_picture.png ]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure 3:''' Soil structure types looking at soil samples [9]<br /> <br /> ==Soil Grade==<br /> Grade referrers to the distinctness of soils. Three classes are chosen based on ease of separation into specific units and the particles ability to stick together. <br /> <br /> '''Strong:''' Soil units separating cleanly into whole units with disturbance. <br /> <br /> '''Moderate:''' Soil units are noticed as well-formed pre-disturbance. Post-disturbance, soil will separate into a mixture of primarily whole units, broken units and some material not in a unit<br /> <br /> '''Weak:''' Soil units, when disturbed, are mostly not in units while some stay in units. Most soil particles will show no planes of weakness. If the soil surface arrangement differs from the particles within, this is still a soil structure compared to a uniform consistency showing no planes of weakness which is most likely a structureless soil sample. [7]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil classification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 4:''' A soil structure classification table incorporating Shape/arrangement, structure class, and grade. [8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> 1: &quot;BlackHillsGarden.com.&quot; SOIL STRUCTURE. » BlackHillsGarden.com - Gardening Experience in the Black Hills, 2018. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 2: Bronick, C.J., and R. La. &quot;Soil Structure and Management: A Review.&quot; Shibboleth Authentication Request. The Ohio State University, Jan. 2005. Web. 07 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 3:Buckman, H. O., &amp; Brady, N. C. (1960). The nature and properties of soils: A college text of edaphology. New York: Macmillan.<br /> <br /> 4: Cakmak, A. S. Soil-structure Interaction. Vol. 43;43.;. New York;Southampton;Amsterdam;Boston;: Elsevier, 1987. Web. 6 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 5: Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil [[ecology]]. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> 6: Gao W, Hodgkinson L, Jin K, Watts CW, Ashton RW, Shen J, Ren T, Dodd IC, Binley A, Phillips AL, Hedden P, Hawkesford MJ, Whalley WR (2016a) Deep <br /> <br /> roots and soil structure. Plant Cell Environ 39:1662–1668<br /> <br /> 7:&quot;Natural Resources Conservation Service.&quot; SSM - Ch. 3. Examination and Description of Soil Profiles | NRCS Soils. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 8:&quot;Soil Structure: Classification, Genesis and Evaluation.&quot; Soil Management. N.p., 20 July 2016. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 9:&quot;Soil Structure | Nature of Soil | Soil Definition | Components of Soil.&quot; ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGINEERING. N.p., 25 Dec. 2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 10:TISDALL, J. M., and J. M. OADES. &quot;[[Organic Matter]] and Water‐stable Aggregates in Soils.&quot; Journal of Soil Science. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 28 July <br /> 2006. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=10086 2023-04-01T23:06:32Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of agriculture concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. Fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> <br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> <br /> == Prominent Horticulturalists ==<br /> <br /> * Carrie H. Lippincott<br /> * Gladys Tantaquidgeon<br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey<br /> * Luther Burbank<br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=10085 2023-04-01T23:06:14Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Prominent Horticulturalists */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of agriculture concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. Fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> <br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> <br /> === Prominent Horticulturalists ===<br /> <br /> * Carrie H. Lippincott<br /> * Gladys Tantaquidgeon<br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey<br /> * Luther Burbank<br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Horticulture&diff=10084 2023-04-01T23:02:14Z

<p>Cilaird: /* Divisions */</p> <hr /> <div>Horticulture is a branch of agriculture concerning the science and art of producing, managing, and cultivating plant. As opposed to agriculture, which deals with mass production of food crops, horticulture is more focused small scale planting. Fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental plants or trees, herbs, nuts, mushrooms, flowers, sprouts, algae, seaweed, and grasses.<br /> <br /> == Divisions ==<br /> Modern subsections of this field include:<br /> * Pomology&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the study of fruiting plants<br /> * Olericulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science of growing vegetables <br /> * Viticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the growing of wine grapes<br /> * Floriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of flower and ornamental plant growing<br /> * Arboriculture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the practice and science of tree, shrubs, vine, and woody plant growing <br /> * Post-Harvest Management&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the processing, handling, packaging, and marketing of the horticultural products after they are harvested<br /> * Environmental Horticulture&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; the science and care of plant growth in green spaces<br /> <br /> === Prominent Horticulturalists ===<br /> * Carrie H. Lippincott<br /> * Gladys Tantaquidgeon<br /> * Liberty Hyde Bailey<br /> * Luther Burbank<br /> * William Hooker<br /> * George Bentham<br /> * Spencer Beach<br /> * Joseph Hooker<br /> * John Abercrombie<br /> * Chris Baine<br /> * Carolus Clusius<br /> * Mary McMurtie</div>

Cilaird