Btpilews:

[[File: Scutigera Coleoptrata-1024x768.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Scutigera Coleoptrata]]

==General Description==

''Scutigera Coleoptrata'' or more commonly known as the House Centipede is native to the Mediterranean but has spread throughout most the world with the help of human transport. The House Centipede is equipped with 15 pairs of thin long legs, with 1 extra long pair at the back that can exceed it's body length. The centipedes long legs allow it to run at speeds of 42 miles/hr, faster than any human being.[2] There bodies are generally grayish-yellow, and are marked with 3 long stripes running down its back longitudinally. An adult individuals body will be around 1-1.5 in, but with legs and antenna extended could reach 3-4 inches. [1]
== Taxonomy ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Subphylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Arthropoda
| [[Myriapoda]]
| [[Chilopoda]]
| Scutigeromorpha
| Scutigeridae
| Scutigera
| S. Coleoptrata
|}

==Habitat==
[[File:360_F_383867688_Z24bBZCSxXeLnsFSmJ7NfKHYf31UzDUO.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Wild Individual]]
As previously mentioned House centipedes are native to the Mediterranean region but were accidentally introduced to Pennsylvania in 1849.[1] In their native range they can be found outdoors in moist leaf litter and rotting wood.[3] They can also be found in dark, humid areas such as crevices under rocks and caves.[4] In the new region the house centipedes couldn't survive the cold winters of the Northeast which caused them to rely on the warmth of peoples homes. In their natural range, the Mediterranean, they didn't need to occupy peoples homes because the warmer winters there were suitable for them. House centipedes are capable of migrating and burrowing in response to changing environmental conditions such as extreme cold or drought.[4] In the present day they occupy peoples homes across several continents, which they never would've been able to do without human intervention. In the Summers in North America they can be found outdoors but still in areas near buildings.[1] House centipedes are synanthropes meaning they are a species that lives near, and benefits from an association with humans and the articial habitats they create and inhabit.[2] They inhabit spaces such as houses, farms, gardens and even garbage dumps.

==Diet==
House centipedes are generalist predators they feed on silverfish, worms, snails, cockroaches, spiders, fly larvae and many other small [[arthropods]].[4] A high occurence of house centipedes can indicate that some prey [[arthropod]] is also in abundance. The centipedes make use of their fast speed and actively chase down their prey. [3] Like many other centipedes they have a pair of modified legs underneath their mouthparts which can administer a venomous sting to prey or be used in self defense.[3]

==Development and Reproduction==
[[File: Picture 3-560x420.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Juvenile Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
Immature centipedes hatch from eggs appearing very similar to adults, except with only 4 pairs of legs.[4] As they develop they will go through 5 developmental moults, each time gaining more and more leg pairs.[3] After all 5 molts they have 14 pairs of legs and are considered mature. House centipedes development is much slower than that of many other [[insects]], taking upwards of 3 years to reach sexual maturity.[3] They are a dioecious species with internal fertilization, and are stimulated by pheromones and sound signals.[4] Courtship involves the male circling and tapping other centipedes looking for a receptive female.[4] Once the male finds a mate he spins a silk pouch in which he places his sperm, the female will then take the pouch and fertilize her eggs.[4] The female will lay their eggs in the [[soil]] and cover them up with a sticky substance.[4] The females are known to produce an average of 35-100 eggs.[5] For 2 weeks after hatching the mother stays with her babies and provide some degree of protection for the young.[4]

==Ecosystem Role==
House centipedes are nocturnal carnvivores that consume smaller [[invertebrates]], in particular insects and arthropods. If the centipedes were wiped out it would be disastrous for domestic ecosystems, they are top predators in their food web, and if eliminated would alter the whole system.[2] They provide a food source to larger predators such as birds,reptiles, and mammals.[5]
==References==
[1] Jacobs, S. 2013. House Centipedes.https://extension.psu.edu/house-centipedes

[2] Marlatt, C.L. 2016, June 9. Domestic [[Ecology]]: A Brief Biohistory of the House Centipede. https://thehistorybandits.com/2016/06/09/domestic-ecology-a-brief-biohistory-of-the-house-centipede/

[3] Dugas, K. House Centipede (Scutigera Coleoptrata). https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/House_Centipede_Scutigera.pdf

[4] Ricks, W. 2001. Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scutigera_coleoptrata/

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. House Centipede Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://education.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/house-centipede

[6] Hadley, D. 2018. House Centipedes, Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://www.thoughtco.com/house-centipede-scutigera-coleoptrata-1968230

File:360 F 383867688 Z24bBZCSxXeLnsFSmJ7NfKHYf31UzDUO.jpg

2023-05-12T15:41:19Z

Btpilews:

Scutigera Coleoptrata

2023-05-12T15:40:13Z

Btpilews:

[[File: Scutigera Coleoptrata-1024x768.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Scutigera Coleoptrata]]

==General Description==

''Scutigera Coleoptrata'' or more commonly known as the House Centipede is native to the Mediterranean but has spread throughout most the world with the help of human transport. The House Centipede is equipped with 15 pairs of thin long legs, with 1 extra long pair at the back that can exceed it's body length. The centipedes long legs allow it to run at speeds of 42 miles/hr, faster than any human being.[2] There bodies are generally grayish-yellow, and are marked with 3 long stripes running down its back longitudinally. An adult individuals body will be around 1-1.5 in, but with legs and antenna extended could reach 3-4 inches. [1]
== Taxonomy ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Subphylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Arthropoda
| [[Myriapoda]]
| [[Chilopoda]]
| Scutigeromorpha
| Scutigeridae
| Scutigera
| S. Coleoptrata
|}

==Habitat==
As previously mentioned House centipedes are native to the Mediterranean region but were accidentally introduced to Pennsylvania in 1849.[1] In their native range they can be found outdoors in moist leaf litter and rotting wood.[3] They can also be found in dark, humid areas such as crevices under rocks and caves.[4] In the new region the house centipedes couldn't survive the cold winters of the Northeast which caused them to rely on the warmth of peoples homes. In their natural range, the Mediterranean, they didn't need to occupy peoples homes because the warmer winters there were suitable for them. House centipedes are capable of migrating and burrowing in response to changing environmental conditions such as extreme cold or drought.[4] In the present day they occupy peoples homes across several continents, which they never would've been able to do without human intervention. In the Summers in North America they can be found outdoors but still in areas near buildings.[1] House centipedes are synanthropes meaning they are a species that lives near, and benefits from an association with humans and the articial habitats they create and inhabit.[2] They inhabit spaces such as houses, farms, gardens and even garbage dumps.

==Diet==
House centipedes are generalist predators they feed on silverfish, worms, snails, cockroaches, spiders, fly larvae and many other small [[arthropods]].[4] A high occurence of house centipedes can indicate that some prey [[arthropod]] is also in abundance. The centipedes make use of their fast speed and actively chase down their prey. [3] Like many other centipedes they have a pair of modified legs underneath their mouthparts which can administer a venomous sting to prey or be used in self defense.[3]

==Development and Reproduction==
[[File: Picture 3-560x420.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Juvenile Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
Immature centipedes hatch from eggs appearing very similar to adults, except with only 4 pairs of legs.[4] As they develop they will go through 5 developmental moults, each time gaining more and more leg pairs.[3] After all 5 molts they have 14 pairs of legs and are considered mature. House centipedes development is much slower than that of many other [[insects]], taking upwards of 3 years to reach sexual maturity.[3] They are a dioecious species with internal fertilization, and are stimulated by pheromones and sound signals.[4] Courtship involves the male circling and tapping other centipedes looking for a receptive female.[4] Once the male finds a mate he spins a silk pouch in which he places his sperm, the female will then take the pouch and fertilize her eggs.[4] The female will lay their eggs in the [[soil]] and cover them up with a sticky substance.[4] The females are known to produce an average of 35-100 eggs.[5] For 2 weeks after hatching the mother stays with her babies and provide some degree of protection for the young.[4]

==Ecosystem Role==
House centipedes are nocturnal carnvivores that consume smaller [[invertebrates]], in particular insects and arthropods. If the centipedes were wiped out it would be disastrous for domestic ecosystems, they are top predators in their food web, and if eliminated would alter the whole system.[2] They provide a food source to larger predators such as birds,reptiles, and mammals.[5]
==References==
[1] Jacobs, S. 2013. House Centipedes.https://extension.psu.edu/house-centipedes

[2] Marlatt, C.L. 2016, June 9. Domestic [[Ecology]]: A Brief Biohistory of the House Centipede. https://thehistorybandits.com/2016/06/09/domestic-ecology-a-brief-biohistory-of-the-house-centipede/

[3] Dugas, K. House Centipede (Scutigera Coleoptrata). https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/House_Centipede_Scutigera.pdf

[4] Ricks, W. 2001. Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scutigera_coleoptrata/

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. House Centipede Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://education.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/house-centipede

[6] Hadley, D. 2018. House Centipedes, Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://www.thoughtco.com/house-centipede-scutigera-coleoptrata-1968230

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-05-12T15:35:17Z

Btpilews:

[[File:Northern Two Lined Salamander On Moss.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Northern Two-lined Salamander on moss]]
==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.Bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
[[File:21110219881_341f7de5dc_b.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Salamander along the edge of a stream]]
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests.[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
[[File:Northern-Two-lined-Salamander_3_Trevor-Persons.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Larvae on underside of submerged rock]]
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to three years before transforming into semi-terrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

==References==
[1] Canadian Herpetological Society. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Northern%20Two-lined%20Salamander

[2] Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. 2016. Northern Two-lined Salamanders. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Fact-Sheets/Northern-Two-lined-Salamander

[3] Poston, et, al. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://www.paherps.com/herps/salamanders/twolined_salamander/

[4] Ontario Nature Organization. 2020. https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/northern-two-lined-salamander/

[5] Vanwormer, E. Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-05-12T15:34:51Z

Btpilews: /* Habitat */

[[File:Northern Two Lined Salamander On Moss.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Northern Two-lined Salamander on moss]]
==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.Bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
[[File:21110219881_341f7de5dc_b.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Salamander along the edge of a stream]]
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests.[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
[[File:Northern-Two-lined-Salamander_3_Trevor-Persons.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Larvae on underside of submerged rock]]
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to three years before transforming into semi-terrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

==References==
[1] Canadian Herpetological Society. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Northern%20Two-lined%20Salamander

[2] Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. 2016. Northern Two-lined Salamanders. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Fact-Sheets/Northern-Two-lined-Salamander

[3] Poston, et, al. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://www.paherps.com/herps/salamanders/twolined_salamander/

[4] Ontario Nature Organization. 2020. https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/northern-two-lined-salamander/

[5] Vanwormer, E. Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/

File:21110219881 341f7de5dc b.jpg

2023-05-12T15:33:39Z

Btpilews:

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-05-12T15:28:43Z

Btpilews: /* Reproductive Biology */

[[File:Northern Two Lined Salamander On Moss.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Northern Two-lined Salamander on moss]]
==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.Bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests.[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
[[File:Northern-Two-lined-Salamander_3_Trevor-Persons.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Larvae on underside of submerged rock]]
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to three years before transforming into semi-terrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

==References==
[1] Canadian Herpetological Society. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Northern%20Two-lined%20Salamander

[2] Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. 2016. Northern Two-lined Salamanders. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Fact-Sheets/Northern-Two-lined-Salamander

[3] Poston, et, al. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://www.paherps.com/herps/salamanders/twolined_salamander/

[4] Ontario Nature Organization. 2020. https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/northern-two-lined-salamander/

[5] Vanwormer, E. Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-05-12T15:28:19Z

Btpilews: /* Reproductive Biology */

[[File:Northern Two Lined Salamander On Moss.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Northern Two-lined Salamander on moss]]
==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.Bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests.[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
[[File:Northern-Two-lined-Salamander_3_Trevor-Persons.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Larvae on underside of submerged rock]]
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to three years before transforming into semi-terrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

==References==
[1] Canadian Herpetological Society. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Northern%20Two-lined%20Salamander

[2] Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. 2016. Northern Two-lined Salamanders. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Fact-Sheets/Northern-Two-lined-Salamander

[3] Poston, et, al. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://www.paherps.com/herps/salamanders/twolined_salamander/

[4] Ontario Nature Organization. 2020. https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/northern-two-lined-salamander/

[5] Vanwormer, E. Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/

2023-05-12T15:01:42Z

Btpilews:

==General Description==
[[File: Scutigera Coleoptrata-1024x768.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
''Scutigera Coleoptrata'' or more commonly known as the House Centipede is native to the Mediterranean but has spread throughout most the world with the help of human transport. The House Centipede is equipped with 15 pairs of thin long legs, with 1 extra long pair at the back that can exceed it's body length. The centipedes long legs allow it to run at speeds of 42 miles/hr, faster than any human being.[2] There bodies are generally grayish-yellow, and are marked with 3 long stripes running down its back longitudinally. An adult individuals body will be around 1-1.5 in, but with legs and antenna extended could reach 3-4 inches. [1]
== Taxonomy ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Subphylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Arthropoda
| [[Myriapoda]]
| [[Chilopoda]]
| Scutigeromorpha
| Scutigeridae
| Scutigera
| S. Coleoptrata
|}

==Habitat==
[[File: Picture 2-1024x768.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Wild Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
As previously mentioned House centipedes are native to the Mediterranean region but were accidentally introduced to Pennsylvania in 1849.[1] In their native range they can be found outdoors in moist leaf litter and rotting wood.[3] They can also be found in dark, humid areas such as crevices under rocks and caves.[4] In the new region the house centipedes couldn't survive the cold winters of the Northeast which caused them to rely on the warmth of peoples homes. In their natural range, the Mediterranean, they didn't need to occupy peoples homes because the warmer winters there were suitable for them. House centipedes are capable of migrating and burrowing in response to changing environmental conditions such as extreme cold or drought.[4] In the present day they occupy peoples homes across several continents, which they never would've been able to do without human intervention. In the Summers in North America they can be found outdoors but still in areas near buildings.[1] House centipedes are synanthropes meaning they are a species that lives near, and benefits from an association with humans and the articial habitats they create and inhabit.[2] They inhabit spaces such as houses, farms, gardens and even garbage dumps.

==Diet==
House centipedes are generalist predators they feed on silverfish, worms, snails, cockroaches, spiders, fly larvae and many other small [[arthropods]].[4] A high occurence of house centipedes can indicate that some prey [[arthropod]] is also in abundance. The centipedes make use of their fast speed and actively chase down their prey. [3] Like many other centipedes they have a pair of modified legs underneath their mouthparts which can administer a venomous sting to prey or be used in self defense.[3]

==Development and Reproduction==
[[File: Picture 3-560x420.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Juvenile Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
Immature centipedes hatch from eggs appearing very similar to adults, except with only 4 pairs of legs.[4] As they develop they will go through 5 developmental moults, each time gaining more and more leg pairs.[3] After all 5 molts they have 14 pairs of legs and are considered mature. House centipedes development is much slower than that of many other [[insects]], taking upwards of 3 years to reach sexual maturity.[3] They are a dioecious species with internal fertilization, and are stimulated by pheromones and sound signals.[4] Courtship involves the male circling and tapping other centipedes looking for a receptive female.[4] Once the male finds a mate he spins a silk pouch in which he places his sperm, the female will then take the pouch and fertilize her eggs.[4] The female will lay their eggs in the [[soil]] and cover them up with a sticky substance.[4] The females are known to produce an average of 35-100 eggs.[5] For 2 weeks after hatching the mother stays with her babies and provide some degree of protection for the young.[4]

==Ecosystem Role==
House centipedes are nocturnal carnvivores that consume smaller [[invertebrates]], in particular insects and arthropods. If the centipedes were wiped out it would be disastrous for domestic ecosystems, they are top predators in their food web, and if eliminated would alter the whole system.[2] They provide a food source to larger predators such as birds,reptiles, and mammals.[5]
==References==
[1] Jacobs, S. 2013. House Centipedes.https://extension.psu.edu/house-centipedes

[2] Marlatt, C.L. 2016, June 9. Domestic [[Ecology]]: A Brief Biohistory of the House Centipede. https://thehistorybandits.com/2016/06/09/domestic-ecology-a-brief-biohistory-of-the-house-centipede/

[3] Dugas, K. House Centipede (Scutigera Coleoptrata). https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/House_Centipede_Scutigera.pdf

[4] Ricks, W. 2001. Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scutigera_coleoptrata/

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. House Centipede Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://education.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/house-centipede

[6] Hadley, D. 2018. House Centipedes, Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://www.thoughtco.com/house-centipede-scutigera-coleoptrata-1968230

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-04-20T22:00:43Z

Btpilews: /* References */

==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.Bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to 3 years before transforming into semiterrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring, and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate, and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

==References==
[1] Canadian Herpetological Society. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Northern%20Two-lined%20Salamander

[2] Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. 2016. Northern Two-lined Salamanders. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Fact-Sheets/Northern-Two-lined-Salamander

[3] Poston, et, al. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://www.paherps.com/herps/salamanders/twolined_salamander/

[4] Ontario Nature Organization. 2020. https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/northern-two-lined-salamander/

[5] Vanwormer, E. Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-04-20T22:00:12Z

Btpilews:

==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.Bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to 3 years before transforming into semiterrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring, and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate, and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

==References==
[1] Canadian Herpetological Society. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Northern%20Two-lined%20Salamander
[2] Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. 2016. Northern Two-lined Salamanders. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Fact-Sheets/Northern-Two-lined-Salamander
[3] Poston, et, al. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://www.paherps.com/herps/salamanders/twolined_salamander/
[4] Ontario Nature Organization. 2020. https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/northern-two-lined-salamander/
[5] Vanwormer, E. Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-04-20T21:45:58Z

Btpilews:

==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.Bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to 3 years before transforming into semiterrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring, and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate, and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

Northern Two-Lined Salamander

2023-04-20T21:45:37Z

Btpilews: Created page with "==General Description== The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yell..."

==General Description==
The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.[1] The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.[4] Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.[5] As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.[1] This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.[1]
==Taxonomy==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Chordata
| Amphibia
| Urodela
| Plethodontidae
| Eurycea
| E.bislineata
|}

==Habitat==
This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.[4] This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests[4] As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.[5] The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.[2]

==Diet==
Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.[2] The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].[1] Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.[5] The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.[5]

==Reproductive Biology==
The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to 3 years before transforming into semiterrestrial juveniles.[5] Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.[2] Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.[4] The species primarily breeds in the spring, and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate, and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.[5] The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.[5] It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.<sup[5] Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a "tail straddling" walk.[5] During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.[5] The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.[4] The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.[4]

File:Picture 3-560x420.jpg

2023-04-20T19:48:01Z

Btpilews:

Scutigera Coleoptrata

2023-04-20T19:47:46Z

Btpilews:

==General Description==
[[File: Scutigera Coleoptrata-1024x768.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
''Scutigera Coleoptrata'' or more commonly known as the House Centipede is native to the Mediterranean but has spread throughout most the world with the help of human transport. The House Centipede is equipped with 15 pairs of thin long legs, with 1 extra long pair at the back that can exceed it's body length. The centipedes long legs allow it to run at speeds of 42 miles/hr, faster than any human being.[2] There bodies are generally grayish-yellow, and are marked with 3 long stripes running down its back longitudinally. An adult individuals body will be around 1-1.5 in, but with legs and antenna extended could reach 3-4 inches. [1]
== Taxonomy ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Subphylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Arthropoda
| [[Myriapoda]]
| [[Chilopoda]]
| Scutigeromorpha
| Scutigeridae
| Scutigera
| S. Coleoptrata
|}

==Habitat==
[[File: Picture 2-1024x768.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Wild Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
As previously mentioned House centipedes are native to the Mediterranean region but were accidentally introduced to Pennsylvania in 1849.[1] In their native range they can be found outdoors in moist leaf litter and rotting wood.[3] They can also be found in dark, humid areas such as crevices under rocks and caves.[4] In the new region the house centipedes couldn't survive the cold winters of the Northeast which caused them to rely on the warmth of peoples homes. In their natural range, the Mediterranean, they didn't need to occupy peoples homes because the warmer winters there were suitable for them. House centipedes are capable of migrating and burrowing in response to changing environmental conditions such as extreme cold or drought.[4] In the present day they occupy peoples homes across several continents, which they never would've been able to do without human intervention. In the Summers in North America they can be found outdoors but still in areas near buildings.[1] House centipedes are synanthropes meaning they are a species that lives near, and benefits from an association with humans and the articial habitats they create and inhabit.[2] They inhabit spaces such as houses, farms, gardens and even garbage dumps.

==Diet==
House centipedes are generalist predators they feed on silverfish, worms, snails, cockroaches, spiders, fly larvae and many other small [[arthropods]].[4] A high occurence of house centipedes can indicate that some prey [[arthropod]] is also in abundance. The centipedes make use of their fast speed and actively chase down their prey. [3] Like many other centipedes they have a pair of modified legs underneath their mouthparts which can administer a venomous sting to prey or be used in self defense.[3]

==Development and Reproduction==
[[File: Picture 3-560x420.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Juvenile Scutigera Coleoptrata]]
Immature centipedes hatch from eggs appearing very similar to adults, except with only 4 pairs of legs.[4] As they develop they will go through 5 developmental moults, each time gaining more and more leg pairs.[3] After all 5 molts they have 14 pairs of legs and are considered mature. House centipedes development is much slower than that of many other [[insects]], taking upwards of 3 years to reach sexual maturity.[3] They are a dioecious species with internal fertilization, and are stimulated by pheromones and sound signals.[4] Courtship involves the male circling and tapping other centipedes looking for a receptive female.[4] Once the male finds a mate he spins a silk pouch in which he places his sperm, the female will then take the pouch and fertilize her eggs.[4] The female will lay their eggs in the [[soil]] and cover them up with a sticky substance.[4] The females are known to produce an average of 35-100 eggs.[5] For 2 weeks after hatching the mother stays with her babies and provide some degree of protection for the young.[4]

==Ecosystem Role==
House centipedes are nocturnal carnvivores that consume smaller [[invertebrates]], in particular insects and arthropods. If the centipedes were wiped out it would be disastrous for domestic ecosystems, they are top predators in their food web, and if eliminated would alter the whole system.[2] They provide a food source to larger predators such as birds,reptiles, and mammals.[5]
==References==
[1] Jacobs, S. 2013. House Centipedes.https://extension.psu.edu/house-centipedes

[2] Marlatt, C.L. 2016, June 9. Domestic [[Ecology]]: A Brief Biohistory of the House Centipede. https://thehistorybandits.com/2016/06/09/domestic-ecology-a-brief-biohistory-of-the-house-centipede/

[3] Dugas, K. House Centipede (Scutigera Coleoptrata). https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/House_Centipede_Scutigera.pdf

[4] Ricks, W. 2001. Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scutigera_coleoptrata/

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. House Centipede Scutigera Coleoptrata. https://education.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/house-centipede

Scutigera Coleoptrata

Scutigera Coleoptrata

2023-04-19T21:12:39Z

Btpilews:

''Scutigera Coleoptrata'' or more commonly known as the House Centipede is native to the Mediterranean but has spread throughout most the world with the help of human transport. The House Centipede is equipped with 15 pairs of thin long legs, with 1 extra long pair at the back that can exceed it's body length. The centipedes long legs allow it to run at speeds of 42 miles/hr, faster than any human being.[2] There bodies are generally grayish-yellow, and are marked with 3 long stripes running down its back longitudinally. An adult individuals body will be around 1-1.5 in, but with legs and antenna extended could reach 3-4 inches. [1]
== Taxonomy ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Subphylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Arthropoda
| [[Myriapoda]]
| [[Chilopoda]]
| Scutigeromorpha
| Scutigeridae
| Scutigera
| S. Coleoptrata
|}

==Habitat==
As previously mentioned House centipedes are native to the Mediterranean region but were accidentally introduced to Pennsylvania in 1849.[1] In their native range they can be found outdoors in moist leaf litter and rotting wood.[3] They can also be found in dark, humid areas such as crevices under rocks and caves.[4] In the new region the house centipedes couldn't survive the cold winters of the Northeast which caused them to rely on the warmth of peoples homes. In their natural range, the Mediterranean, they didn't need to occupy peoples homes because the warmer winters there were suitable for them. House centipedes are capable of migrating and burrowing in response to changing environmental conditions such as extreme cold or drought.[4] In the present day they occupy peoples homes across several continents, which they never would've been able to do without human intervention. In the Summers in North America they can be found outdoors but still in areas near buildings.[1] House centipedes are synanthropes meaning they are a species that lives near, and benefits from an association with humans and the articial habitats they create and inhabit.[2] They inhabit spaces such as houses, farms, gardens and even garbage dumps.

==Diet==
House centipedes are generalist predators they feed on silverfish, firebrats, carpet beetle larvae, cockroaches, spiders, and many other small [[arthropods]].[1] A high occurence of house centipedes can indicate that some prey [[arthropod]] is also in abundance. The centipedes make use of their fast speed and actively chase down their prey. [3] Like many other centipedes they have a pair of modified legs underneath their mouthparts which can administer a venomous sting to prey or be used in self defense.[3]

==Development and Reproduction==
Immature centipedes hatch from eggs appearing very similar to adults, except with only 4 pairs of legs.[4] As they develop they will go through 5 developmental moults, each time gaining more and more leg pairs.[3] After all 5 molts they have 14 pairs of legs and are considered mature. House centipedes development is much slower than that of many other [[insects]], taking upwards of 3 years to reach sexual maturity.[3] They are a dioecious species with internal fertilization,and are stimulated by pheromones and sound signals.[4] Courtship involves the male circling and tapping other centipedes looking for a receptive female.[4] Once the male finds a mate he spins a silk pouch in which he places his sperm, the female will then take the pouch and fertilize her eggs.[4] The female will lay their eggs in the [[soil]] and cover them up with a sticky substance, they are known to produce an average of 63 eggs but can produce as many as 151. [4] For 2 weeks after hatching the mother stays with her babies and provide some degree of protection for the young.[4]

Scutigera Coleoptrata

2023-04-19T20:45:54Z

Btpilews: /* Habitat */

''Scutigera Coleoptrata'' or more commonly known as the House Centipede is native to the Mediterranean but has spread throughout most the world with the help of human transport. The House Centipede is equipped with 15 pairs of thin long legs, with 1 extra long pair at the back that can exceed it's body length. The centipedes long legs allow it to run at speeds of 42 miles/hr, faster than any human being.[2] There bodies are generally grayish-yellow, and are marked with 3 long stripes running down its back longitudinally. An adult individuals body will be around 1-1.5 in, but with legs and antenna extended could reach 3-4 inches. [1]
== Taxonomy ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Subphylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Species
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Animalia
| Arthropoda
| [[Myriapoda]]
| [[Chilopoda]]
| Scutigeromorpha
| Scutigeridae
| Scutigera
| S. Coleoptrata
|}

==Habitat==
As previously mentioned House centipedes are native to the Mediterranean region but were accidentally introduced to Pennsylvania in 1849.[1] In their native range they can be found outdoors in moist leaf litter and rotting wood.[3] They can also be found in dark, humid areas such as crevices under rocks and caves.[4] In the new region the house centipedes couldn't survive the cold winters of the Northeast which caused them to rely on the warmth of peoples homes. In their natural range, the Mediterranean, they didn't need to occupy peoples homes because the warmer winters there were suitable for them. House centipedes are capable of migrating and burrowing in response to changing environmental conditions such as extreme cold or drought.[4] In the present day they occupy peoples homes across several continents, which they never would've been able to do without human intervention. In the Summers in North America they can be found outdoors but still in areas near buildings.[1] House centipedes are synanthropes meaning they are a species that lives near, and benefits from an association with humans and the articial habitats they create and inhabit.[2] They inhabit spaces such as houses, farms, gardens and even garbage dumps.

==Diet==
House centipedes are generalist predators they feed on silverfish, firebrats, carpet beetle larvae, cockroaches, spiders, and many other small [[arthropods]].[1] A high occurence of house centipedes can indicate that some prey [[arthropod]] is also in abundance. The centipedes make use of their fast speed and actively chase down their prey. [3] Like many other centipedes they have a pair of modified legs underneath their mouthparts which can administer a venomous sting to prey or be used in self defense.[3]