https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Betrotte 2026-04-14T23:44:48Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=11213 2023-05-12T17:15:42Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years [4], growing an average of 13 to 24 inches per year, and producing fruit within 12 to 15 years. [5] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [3] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [3], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. They are tolerant of rabbits and droughts. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|170px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts are native to North America and can most often be found growing in [[riparian zone]]s. [1] They prefer moist, well-draining [[soil]], that is organically rich and in full sun. These trees can not tolerate shade. [3] They can grow in acidic or alkaline soils as well as [[sand]]y, [[loam]]y, or [[clay]] soils. [5] Their range extends from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York, south to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana and Florida. It also extends from the east coast of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- [[Plantae]] (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutWood.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnut wood is very valuable given that the heartwood is strong, durable, heavy, and straight-grained. The wood is shock-resistant but can still be easily split, making it easily worked. It is ranked as one of the most durable heartwoods in the United States along with cedars, chestnuts, and black locusts. [1] This makes it a good choice for making veneers, cabinets, paddles, coffins, and gunstocks and for interior finishing. Different parts of the tree can also be used for coloring, with the bark being used for tanning and the husks from the fruit being used to make a yellow-green dye when extracts come from the outer part of the fruit and brownish-black dye when it comes from the inner part of the fruit. [3] These dyes can be used to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios. The dark dye was also historically used by early settlers to dye hair. [1] <br /> <br /> Several parts of the black walnut are also edible. The inner kernel of the fruit is eaten by rabbits and humans [3], with 65% of the annual harvest of black walnuts coming from the state of Missouri. [1] The twigs of the black walnut tree are also eaten by deer. [3] The sap of a black walnut can also be collected and drunk as is or concentrated into a syrup that is similar to the syrup of a sugar maple. [1]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutJuglone.png|350px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts produce a compound called juglone, an allelopathic chemical that can stunt the growth of other plants around the tree. The black walnut has the highest juglone potential out of any of the other walnuts. It was first recorded in 1881 as having a discouraging effect on the surrounding vegetation. The chemical restricts oxygen and food usage in both plants and [[animals]], with a very small amount being required to sicken, sedate, or kill people and animals. It is typically produced by the tree in an attempt to protect its leaves, roots, and stems from grazing animals, [[insects]], diseases, [[nematodes]], and interfering plants. The highest concentrations of juglone precursors can be found in the buds, flowers, fruit, and phloem. [6] In order to kill the surrounding plants, the juglone leaches into the soil to infect the other plants. Here, the chemical can stay in the soil for up to two months, creating a long-lasting, negative effect on the surrounding ecosystem. [7] While several plants have the ability to tolerate the nearby presence of black walnuts and juglone, members of the tomato family, such as tomatos, potatoes, eggplants, and peppers, are highly sensitive and cannot survive near black walnut trees. Several shrubs (lilac, hydrangea, rhododendron, viburnum, and yew) are also sensitive to juglone. [8]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Juglans nigra. 2023. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] Juglans nigra. 2023. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] John Dickerson. Black Walnut: Juglans nigra L. 5 February 2022. USDA NRCS New York State Office. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Black Walnut: Juglans nigra. 2023. Arbor Day Foundation. https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?ItemID=934<br /> <br /> [6] Dr. Kim D. Coder. Black Walnut [[Allelopathy]]: Tree Chemical Warfare. January 2021. University of Georgia. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/18932.pdf<br /> <br /> [7] Washtenaw County Conservation District. Black Walnut Toxicity. April 2001. Purdue University. https://www.washtenawcd.org/uploads/5/9/2/0/59207889/black_walnut_toxicity-website.pdf<br /> <br /> [8] Cynthia Haynes. Juglone-What is It? 13 August 2021. Iowa State University. https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/2021/08/juglone-%E2%80%93-what-it</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=11211 2023-05-12T17:14:02Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years [4], growing an average of 13 to 24 inches per year, and producing fruit within 12 to 15 years. [5] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [3] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [3], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. They are tolerant of rabbits and droughts. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|170px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts are native to North America and can most often be found growing in riparian zones. [1] They prefer moist, well-draining [[soil]], that is organically rich and in full sun. These trees can not tolerate shade. [3] They can grow in acidic or alkaline soils as well as sandy, loamy, or [[clay]] soils. [5] Their range extends from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York, south to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana and Florida. It also extends from the east coast of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutWood.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnut wood is very valuable given that the heartwood is strong, durable, heavy, and straight-grained. The wood is shock-resistant but can still be easily split, making it easily worked. It is ranked as one of the most durable heartwoods in the United States along with cedars, chestnuts, and black locusts. [1] This makes it a good choice for making veneers, cabinets, paddles, coffins, and gunstocks and for interior finishing. Different parts of the tree can also be used for coloring, with the bark being used for tanning and the husks from the fruit being used to make a yellow-green dye when extracts come from the outer part of the fruit and brownish-black dye when it comes from the inner part of the fruit. [3] These dyes can be used to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios. The dark dye was also historically used by early settlers to dye hair. [1] <br /> <br /> Several parts of the black walnut are also edible. The inner kernel of the fruit is eaten by rabbits and humans [3], with 65% of the annual harvest of black walnuts coming from the state of Missouri. [1] The twigs of the black walnut tree are also eaten by deer. [3] The sap of a black walnut can also be collected and drunk as is or concentrated into a syrup that is similar to the syrup of a sugar maple. [1]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutJuglone.png|350px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts produce a compound called juglone, an allelopathic chemical that can stunt the growth of other plants around the tree. The black walnut has the highest juglone potential out of any of the other walnuts. It was first recorded in 1881 as having a discouraging effect on the surrounding vegetation. The chemical restricts oxygen and food usage in both plants and [[animals]], with a very small amount being required to sicken, sedate, or kill people and animals. It is typically produced by the tree in an attempt to protect its leaves, roots, and stems from grazing animals, [[insects]], diseases, [[nematodes]], and interfering plants. The highest concentrations of juglone precursors can be found in the buds, flowers, fruit, and phloem. [6] In order to kill the surrounding plants, the juglone leaches into the soil to infect the other plants. Here, the chemical can stay in the soil for up to two months, creating a long-lasting, negative effect on the surrounding ecosystem. [7] While several plants have the ability to tolerate the nearby presence of black walnuts and juglone, members of the tomato family, such as tomatos, potatoes, eggplants, and peppers, are highly sensitive and cannot survive near black walnut trees. Several shrubs (lilac, hydrangea, rhododendron, viburnum, and yew) are also sensitive to juglone. [8]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Juglans nigra. 2023. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] Juglans nigra. 2023. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] John Dickerson. Black Walnut: Juglans nigra L. 5 February 2022. USDA NRCS New York State Office. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Black Walnut: Juglans nigra. 2023. Arbor Day Foundation. https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?ItemID=934<br /> <br /> [6] Dr. Kim D. Coder. Black Walnut [[Allelopathy]]: Tree Chemical Warfare. January 2021. University of Georgia. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/18932.pdf<br /> <br /> [7] Washtenaw County Conservation District. Black Walnut Toxicity. April 2001. Purdue University. https://www.washtenawcd.org/uploads/5/9/2/0/59207889/black_walnut_toxicity-website.pdf<br /> <br /> [8] Cynthia Haynes. Juglone-What is It? 13 August 2021. Iowa State University. https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/2021/08/juglone-%E2%80%93-what-it</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=11204 2023-05-12T17:05:44Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|300px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ant's close relatives, bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|250px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long ([[Crazy Ant]]) [4], up to 1.6 inches long ([[Dinoponera]], thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of an ant contains the mouth, five eyes, two antennae, and two strong jaws. Of the five eyes, two (located on the front of the head) are compound eyes that are good for acute movement but do not allow for high-resolution images, while the other three (located on the top of the head) are simple eyes that detect changes in light. The two antennae are sensory organs that allow ants to detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations, as well as receive signals through touch. The strong jaws are used for defense, carrying food, and constructing nests. [1]<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> The thorax is the middle part of an ant's body. It is powerful and muscular, with each of an ant's six legs attached to it. If an ant develops temporary wings, they will be attached to the thorax as well. [7]<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> The abdomen contains all the vital and reproductive organs of the ant. If a worker ant has a stinger, it can be found on the back of the abdomen. [7]<br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> The mesosoma is the first of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It is attached to the head, and it contains the thorax plus the first abdominal segment. [1]<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> The petiole is the second of the three subsegments, located between the mesosoma and the garter. It acts similar to a waist in a human, allowing the ant flexibility when twisting and aids the ant when burrowing underground. [7]<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> The gaster is the last of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It contains all of the abdominal segments included in the abdomen except for the ones included in the petiole. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> *Linepithema humile ([[Argentine Ant]])<br /> *Ochetellus glaber ([[Black House Ant]])<br /> *Camponotus pennsylvanicus ([[Carpenter Ant]])<br /> *Solenopsis invicta ([[Fire Ant]])<br /> *Tapinoma melanocephalum ([[Ghost Ant]])<br /> *Tapinoma sessile ([[Odorous House Ant]])<br /> *Tetramorium caespitum ([[Pavement Ant]])<br /> *Monomorium pharaonis ([[Pharaoh Ant]])<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:LifeCycle.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Formicidae go through four basic life cycle stages in which there are three end results. Ants begin as eggs that are laid by the female queen. They then begin to go through complete metamorphosis, going through four or five larval stages. They are largely immobile during the larval stages and rely on worker ants to eat. In the earlier larval stages, they are provided with liquid food regurgitated by the workers. In the later larval stages, they will begin to be provided with more solid foods, such as pieces of prey, seeds, and trophic eggs. At the end of the larval stages, the ants will emerge as pupae, and the differentiation of the ants into the different castes will begin. If the original egg was not fertilized, the pupa will emerge as a winged male haploid drone. If the original egg was fertilized, the pupa will emerge as either a winged or wingless female diploid queen or a wingless female diploid worker. Whether the female becomes a queen or a worker largely depends on how much nutrients the ant receives during the larval stages. [1]<br /> <br /> Female queens can live up to 30 years. Female workers can live one to three years. Male drones typically only live for a few weeks. [1]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Within the ecosystem, ants are known predators of other insects, keeping their populations under control. They also keep the ecosystem clean by taking care of dead insect carcasses and helping with the [[decomposition]] of other plant and animal remains. [8]<br /> <br /> Within the [[soil]], ants move about the same amount of soil as earthworms [8], turning it and aerating it to allow water, oxygen, and other nutrients to reach [[plant roots]]. [9] They also aid in seed dispersal, carrying seeds down into the soil with them that often grow into new plants. [9] They also keep the soil fertilized and full of nutrients during the transport of plant and animal remains used to create their nests. [8]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Ant. 2023. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] Ants. 2023. National Wildlife Federation. https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] Ayana Archie. The Number of Ants on Earth has a Mass Greater Than All Birds and Mammals Combined. 21 September 2022. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] C. Claiborne Ray. Next to Fairyflies, Ants Are Giants. 25 May 2015. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] Dinoponera. 2023. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] Ant Facts, Information, and Photos. 2023. Terminix. https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.<br /> <br /> [7] Christina Stephens. What Are Ants’ Body Parts? 2023. Wild Sky Media. https://animals.mom.com/ants-body-parts-5992.html<br /> <br /> [8] Iowa State University. Ants Are Ecologically Beneficial: In Defense of Ants. 2023. Iowa State University. https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/ants-are-ecologically-beneficial<br /> <br /> [9] Harvard Forest. Ecological Importance. 2021. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/ants/ecological-importance#:~:text=Ants%20play%20an%20important%20role,new%20plants%20(seed%20dispersal).</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=11203 2023-05-12T17:03:52Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|300px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ant's close relatives, bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|250px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long ([[Crazy Ant]]) [4], up to 1.6 inches long ([[Dinoponera]], thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of an ant contains the mouth, five eyes, two antennae, and two strong jaws. Of the five eyes, two (located on the front of the head) are compound eyes that are good for acute movement but do not allow for high-resolution images, while the other three (located on the top of the head) are simple eyes that detect changes in light. The two antennae are sensory organs that allow ants to detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations, as well as receive signals through touch. The strong jaws are used for defense, carrying food, and constructing nests. [1]<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> The thorax is the middle part of an ant's body. It is powerful and muscular, with each of an ant's six legs attached to it. If an ant develops temporary wings, they will be attached to the thorax as well. [7]<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> The abdomen contains all the vital and reproductive organs of the ant. If a worker ant has a stinger, it can be found on the back of the abdomen. [7]<br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> The mesosoma is the first of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It is attached to the head, and it contains the thorax plus the first abdominal segment. [1]<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> The petiole is the second of the three subsegments, located between the mesosoma and the garter. It acts similar to a waist in a human, allowing the ant flexibility when twisting and aids the ant when burrowing underground. [7]<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> The gaster is the last of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It contains all of the abdominal segments included in the abdomen except for the ones included in the petiole. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> *Linepithema humile ([[Argentine Ant]])<br /> *Ochetellus glaber ([[Black House Ant]])<br /> *Camponotus pennsylvanicus ([[Carpenter Ant]])<br /> *Solenopsis invicta ([[Fire Ant]])<br /> *Tapinoma melanocephalum ([[Ghost Ant]])<br /> *Tapinoma sessile ([[Odorous House Ant]])<br /> *Tetramorium caespitum ([[Pavement Ant]])<br /> *Monomorium pharaonis ([[Pharaoh Ant]])<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:LifeCycle.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Formicidae go through four basic life cycle stages in which there are three end results. Ants begin as eggs that are laid by the female queen. They then begin to go through complete metamorphosis, going through four or five larval stages. They are largely immobile during the larval stages and rely on worker ants to eat. In the earlier larval stages, they are provided with liquid food regurgitated by the workers. In the later larval stages, they will begin to be provided with more solid foods, such as pieces of prey, seeds, and trophic eggs. At the end of the larval stages, the ants will emerge as pupae, and the differentiation of the ants into the different castes will begin. If the original egg was not fertilized, the pupa will emerge as a winged male haploid drone. If the original egg was fertilized, the pupa will emerge as either a winged or wingless female diploid queen or a wingless female diploid worker. Whether the female becomes a queen or a worker largely depends on how much nutrients the ant receives during the larval stages. [1]<br /> <br /> Female queens can live up to 30 years. Female workers can live one to three years. Male drones typically only live for a few weeks. [1]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Within the ecosystem, ants are known predators of other insects, keeping their populations under control. They also keep the ecosystem clean by taking care of dead insect carcasses and helping with the [[decomposition]] of other plant and animal remains. [8]<br /> <br /> Within the [[soil]], ants move about the same amount of soil as earthworms [8], turning it and aerating it to allow water, oxygen, and other nutrients to reach [[plant roots]]. [9] They also aid in seed dispersal, carrying seeds down into the soil with them that often grow into new plants. [9] They also keep the soil fertilized and full of nutrients during the transport of plant and animal remains used to create their nests. [8]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Ant. 2023. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] Ants. 2023. National Wildlife Federation. https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] Ayana Archie. The Number of Ants on Earth has a Mass Greater Than All Birds and Mammals Combined. 21 September 2022. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] C. Claiborne Ray. Next to Fairyflies, Ants Are Giants. 25 May 2015. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] Dinoponera. 2023. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] Ant Facts, Information, and Photos. 2023. Terminix. https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.<br /> <br /> [7] Christina Stephens. What Are Ants’ Body Parts? 2023. Wild Sky Media. https://animals.mom.com/ants-body-parts-5992.html<br /> <br /> [8] https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/ants-are-ecologically-beneficial<br /> <br /> [9] https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/ants/ecological-importance#:~:text=Ants%20play%20an%20important%20role,new%20plants%20(seed%20dispersal).</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=11197 2023-05-12T16:53:34Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:BLACK_WILLOW_TREE2__35557.1542957430.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Bl_willow1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]] ''Salix nigra'' is a deciduous tree species that excels in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks, and drainage ditches. It can grow almost anywhere that contains adequate lighting and water. These locations usually occur in areas that are near or just below the water level. It is a fast-growing, yet short-lived, tree that has an extensive range through Eastern North America as well as parts of California and the Southwest. It can grow from 30 to 60 feet tall on a single or multiple trunks, with a crown spread of 30 to 60 feet. Under the best conditions, Salix nigra has been known to reach heights of 140 feet. The leaves are up to 6 inches long, tapering at the end, are medium to dark green, and fine-toothed. The bark is dark brown and rough in texture. [14] Black willow trees are a dioecious species, meaning the males and females appear as separate trees. The flowering season begins in February in the southern range and goes through the end of June in the north. The blooms are tiny (about 2 inches long), insignificant, and yellow to green in color. [14] The flowers contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by [[insects]]. The pollen can still be carried by the wind as well. The seeds of ''Salix nigra'' are small, light brown to yellow, have a capsule shape, and begin to break open and release seedlings that are coated in little hairs.<br /> [[File:Salix_nigra_range_map_1.png|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> *Kingdom- [[Plantae]] (Plant)<br /> **Subkingdom- Viridiplantae (Green Plants)<br /> ***Infrakingdom- Streptophyta (Land Plants)<br /> ****Superdivision- Embryophyta (Land Plants)<br /> *****Division- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ******Subdivision- Spermatophytina (Seed Plants)<br /> *******Class- Magnoliopsida (Flowering [[Dicots]])<br /> ********Superorder- Rosanae (Flowering Plants)<br /> *********Order- Malpighiales (Flowering Plants)<br /> **********Family- Salicaceae (Willows)<br /> ***********Genus- Salix (Willows)<br /> ************Species- Salix nigra (Black Willow)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Significance ==<br /> <br /> Various different vertebrate [[animals]] rely on the Black Willows as a food source or as a provider of protective habitat. Both the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) feed on fallen willow leaves. The Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, and waterfowl species such as the Mallard and Northern Pintail feed on willow buds during the spring when their other food sources are a little more scarce. Some birds, including the Rusty Grackle, Yellow Warbler, and Warbling Vireo occasionally use willows as the location for their nests. Black Willows also happen to be one of the tree species that the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker drills holes into in order to feed on the sap. Deer, elk, and cattle are known to browse occasionally on the leaves and twigs of this tree, while beavers feed on the wood and use the branches in the construction of their dams and lodges. <br /> <br /> They are tolerant of floods, herbivory, and erosion, making them good trees to grow on shore banks to prevent [[soil erosion]] and increase marshland stability.<br /> <br /> == Cultural Uses ==<br /> <br /> ''Salix nigra'' is very useful for treating minor aches and pains, as it contains salicin, the primary ingredient in aspirin. The wood of the Black Willow is the most commercially used of the different species of willow for its strength, shock resistance, light weight, and the fact that it doesn’t splinter that easily. It’s mostly used in the construction of boxes, crates, and furniture as well as woodturning, table tops, wood carvings, etc. It is the only native willow species in the United States to be used as timber.<br /> <br /> Historically, it was used by Native Americans to make baskets as well as treat fevers, headaches, and coughs. They also recognized that the bark and the leaves could be used to treat rheumatism.<br /> <br /> == Soil Restoration Techniques ==<br /> [[File:Live_staking.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> In addition to all the cultural uses for this species, the ways in which this willow species can remove heavy metals from the [[soil]] are being studied. They are starting to be used in remediation efforts, and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the tree's tissues have shown to have the capacity to enhance the tree's growth. These trees also possess a resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors like that of [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by ''Salix nigra'' into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere. Black willows are very effective when it comes to soil stabilization, which is why many projects that require erosion control such as river restoration will often use this species in their efforts.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Ernest Seeds. 2023. Bioengineering Materials. Ernest Conservation Seeds. https://www.ernstseed.com/products/bioengineering-materials/<br /> <br /> 2. Illinois Wildflowes. 2002. Black Willow. John Hilty. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bl_willow.htm<br /> <br /> 3. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br /> <br /> 4. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br /> Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of [[Agriculture]], Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br /> <br /> 5. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br /> <br /> 6. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br /> <br /> 7. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> 8. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. [[Ecology]] 54(l):118-126.<br /> <br /> 9. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br /> <br /> 10. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br /> <br /> 11. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br /> <br /> 12. Mauricio Capuana. 2011. Heavy Metals and Woody Plants-Biotechnologies for [[Phytoremediation]]. IForest Biogeosciences and Forestry 4(1): 7-15. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004<br /> <br /> 13. Walter Muma. Black Willow. Ontario Trees and Shrubs. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2230<br /> <br /> 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2023. Salix nigra. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286793</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Northern_Two-Lined_Salamander&diff=10652 2023-05-09T17:03:07Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>==General Description==<br /> The Northern Two-lined Salamander is a small and slender species which can attain a total length of about 12cm.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; The salamander has a yellowish olive colored stripe down it's back bordered by 2 black lines.&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down it's sides, with small legs attached to the pale yellow belly.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; As an adult they have 13-16 costal groves as well as a laterally compressed tail.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; This species occupies a wide range stretching throughout most of the Northeast U.S and up into Southern Canada. The species can be found as far West as Ohio, as far south as Virginia, and all the way up to Eastern Ontario and Quebec.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width:85%;&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kingdom<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Phylum<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Class<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Order<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Family<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Genus<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Species<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Classification<br /> | Animalia<br /> | Chordata<br /> | Amphibia<br /> | Urodela<br /> | Plethodontidae<br /> | Eurycea<br /> | E.Bislineata<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Habitat==<br /> This salamander dehydrates more easily than other lungless [[salamanders]] and is generally found in close proximity to streams.&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; This species inhabits moderate to fast flowing rocky streams, tiny creeks to actual rivers, and either deciduous or mixed forests.&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; As a juvenile the salamanders tend to spend more time in the water, and as an adult they prefer woodland or open habitats with sufficient cover provided by leaf litter, logs, and rocks.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; The species is somewhat tolerant of urbanization; this tolerance has allowed the Two-Lined Salamander to replace the Dusky Salamander in areas of Southwest Connecticut where the two once coexisted.&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> Adult Salamanders feeds on [[insects]], [[annelids]], arachnids, sow bugs, [[mites]], and even an occasional salamander.&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; The larvae eat primarily aquatic benthic [[invertebrates]].&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods as well as the aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitoes, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetles.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; The larvae act as opportunistic generalists up until the developmental point where their jaw size can accommodate larger prey items.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Reproductive Biology==<br /> The salamander starts it's life in the water as an aquatic larvae for two to three years before transforming into semi-terrestrial juveniles.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; Due to this lengthy larval period, different age classes of salamanders are often found within the same stream.&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; Approximately a year after metamorphosis, they will reach sexual maturity.&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; The species primarily breeds in the spring and exhibits a complex courtship behavior. A male salamander uses his head to nudge a potential mate and encircles the female's head with the front of his body.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; The male scratches the females skin with his teeth to allow secretions from his mental gland to enter the females bloodstream.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; It's hypothesized that the male's secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female.&lt;sup[5]&lt;/sup&gt; Eventually the female presses her chin to the males glandular area at the tail bases and they engage in a &quot;tail straddling&quot; walk.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; During this walk the male will release a spermatophore which is picked up by the female in her cloaca.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; The female will lay up to 200 eggs in the spring on the underside of submerged rocks.&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; The female normally will stay with the eggs until they hatch in 1-2 months.&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; Canadian Herpetological Society. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Northern%20Two-lined%20Salamander<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; Connecticut Department of Energy &amp; Environmental Protection. 2016. Northern Two-lined Salamanders. https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Fact-Sheets/Northern-Two-lined-Salamander<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt; Poston, et, al. 2023. Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://www.paherps.com/herps/salamanders/twolined_salamander/<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; Ontario Nature Organization. 2020. https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/northern-two-lined-salamander/<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; Vanwormer, E. Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10651 2023-05-09T16:58:53Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Shapes.jpg|325px|thumb|right|Several diatom frustule shapes [1].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> <br /> Diatoms are tiny, single-celled algal plants that are made of silica and other minerals. They are typically found in marine environments, but can survive in other areas with enough moisture, including [[soil]] habitats. Each of the more than 8,000 species has a skeleton that is ornate and symmetrical, unique from that of every other species. The skeletons can take the shape of crescents, discs, rectangles, triangles, stars, or other different geometric shapes. One of its byproducts, called diatomaceous earth, has various practical applications due to its silica content and extremely small size [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> While diatoms belong to the supergroup chromalveolates, individual species can be incredibly difficult to identify due to their sheer numbers as well as inconsistency in how observations are interpreted. This results in multiple taxa being lumped together for ease of comparison. Even with 75,000 taxa already recognized, many regions of the earth have neither been explored for their presence or absence nor inventoried if they do exist. As a result of these conundrums, the identification of taxa depends on the precise observation of discrete and continuous features, primarily those seen in the diatoms' glassy cell walls. Many classification guides have been developed through the years with the goal of creating a standard with more clear categories and organization [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Ochrophytina<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Bacillariophyceae<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> The lack of data on the [[ecology]] of [[Terrestrial ecology|terrestrial]] diatoms is the greatest barrier to future research. [[Terrestrial ecology|Terrestrial]] diatoms can be used as indicators for the quality of both aquatic and [[soil]] environments. Also, land use and [[soil pH]] are important factors in determining the ecological condition of the diatom sites and have the greatest influence on how their communities are structured. Studies looking at [[soil]] algae populations as a whole have revealed that they are very sensitive to disturbance causes [5]. In a range of [[Terrestrial ecology|terrestrial]] environments, including [[soil]]s, [[moss]]es, wet walls, and rocks, many taxa may persist and reproduce. For diatoms, forests provide a stable microhabitat, and agricultural techniques, rather than seasonal variations in environmental factors, regulate the majority of the diatom communities' temporal fluctuation. Lastly, diatoms play a very crucial role in the [[Nutrient Cycling|carbon cycle]] by facilitating the production of chemical energy in organic compounds [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Diatoms also have the ability to generate a porous silica cell wall, known as the frustule, that makes up the structure of their skeleton. These cell walls display a staggering variety of pore patterns and species-specific forms. They typically belong to one of two anatomical categories-centrales or pennates—characterized by either radial or bilateral symmetry of their frustule, respectively. In both situations, the live cell is enclosed by a hypotheca that is inserted into a somewhat larger epitheca inside the frustule. The frustule's size varies from a few microns to millimeters depending on the species. The hypotheca and epitheca can both be thought of as valves encircled by lateral girdles. Each layer of a valve is composed of a number of pores in more or less regular patterns, the size and location of which vary depending on the species and layer [8]. Their form and function are also made up of other morphological characteristics such as pore size, shape, porosity, and pore organization. For example, pore size and organization can be optimized to be smaller, which allows for more efficient blocking of viruses or other harmful particles [9]. Diatoms are so complex, there are even more structures and characteristics worth mentioning. A number of silica bands are connected by their borders to form the girdle, which connects the protoplasm with the frustule. The first girdle bands can be one of the factors in determining the overall shape and ability of the diatom. Research on their nanostructures will continue for quite some time, especially for engineering we can apply on a larger scale [10].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Anatomical orientation of a diatom [11].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinabio/6622267417 &quot;Mixed diatom frustules&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinabio/ Carolina Biological Supply Company] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ CC BY-NC-ND 2.0]<br /> <br /> [2] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed007p2829<br /> <br /> [3] Blanco, S. (May 2020). &quot;Diatom taxonomy and Identification Keys. Modern Trends in Diatom Identification&quot;. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 10. Springer, Cham. 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39212-3_3<br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, &amp; L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [6] Foets, J., C. E. Wetzel, A. J. Teuling, &amp; L. Pfister. (January 2020). &quot;Temporal and spatial variability of terrestrial diatoms at the catchment scale: Controls on communities&quot;. PeerJ 8. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8296<br /> <br /> [7] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg &quot;Ocean carbon cycle and diatom carbon dioxide concentration mechanisms 2&quot;] by Juan José Pierella Karlusich, Chris Bowler, and Haimanti Biswas is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0]<br /> <br /> [8] De Tommasi, E., J. Gielis, &amp; A. Rogato. (July 2017). &quot;Diatom frustule morphogenesis and Function: A multidisciplinary survey&quot;. Marine Genomics 35:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2017.07.001<br /> <br /> [9] Losic, D., G. Rosengarten, J. G. Mitchell, &amp; N. H. Voelcker. (April 2006). &quot;Pore architecture of diatom frustules: Potential nanostructured membranes for molecular and particle separations&quot;. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6:982–989. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.174<br /> <br /> [10] De Stefano, M. &amp; L. De Stefano. (January 2005). &quot;Nanostructures in diatom frustules: Functional morphology of valvocopulae in Cocconeidacean monoraphid taxa&quot;. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.001<br /> <br /> [11] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG &quot;Longitudinal Diatom (Labelled)&quot;] by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esseh~commonswiki Esseh~commonswiki] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0]</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Gravel&diff=10650 2023-05-09T16:52:19Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Gravel on a beach in Thirasia, Santorini, Greece.jpg|right|thumb]]<br /> ==Overview== <br /> Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments which is formed as a result of sedimentary and erosive geologic processes. It is commonly produced in large quantities for commercial purposes. <br /> <br /> Gravel can be classified by its grain size range with the Udden-Wentworth scale which categorizes particles by size. Using this scale, gravel can be categorized into two classes; granular gravel (2–4 mm or 0.079–0.157 in) and pebble gravel (4–64 mm or 0.2–2.5 in). Gravel can be further categorized as fine, medium, and course due to these broad ranges of size. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Formation==<br /> [[File:USDA Soil Texture.png|right|thumb]]<br /> A geological definition of gravel is “a natural material that consists of water-transported materials and usually has a rounded shape as a result of the water transport.” <br /> <br /> It is usually formed with [[bedrock]] and quartz but can also contain any other metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary rock. <br /> <br /> ==Types== <br /> [[File:2522206 e7b5cb57.jpg|right|thumb|Gravel banks in the bed of the River Annan]]<br /> ;Bank Gravel: naturally deposited gravel which has been mixed with [[silt]], [[clay]], and [[sand]] from nearby rivers or streams. <br /> ;Bench Gravel: a bed of gravel located on the surface level of a valley next to a stream representing where the stream use to flow in the past. <br /> ;Fine Gravel: Gravel with a grain size between 2-6.3mm.<br /> ;Lag Gravel: When aeolian processes or fluvial processes remove the finer portion of a sedimentary deposit leaving a layer of the coarser gravel behind.<br /> ;Pay Gravel: Gravel that has a high amount of gold or other precious material in it which can be recovered through screening or panning. <br /> ;Piedmont Gravel: Course gravel which has been transported from a stream/river on a mountain ending up in a relatively flat surface-plain<br /> ;Plateau Gravel: Gravel located on a Plateau which is above the height where stream-created gravel is usually found<br /> ;Crushed Stone: A human-derived form of gravel; stones are crushed with machinery and sent into multiple layers of screens to separate each grain by size to be later sold for commercial use. <br /> <br /> ==Commercial Use==<br /> Natural gravel deposits are insufficient for human purposes. Gravel is often produced by quarrying and crushing hard-wearing rocks, such as sandstone, limestone, or basalt. Quarries where gravel is extracted are known as gravel pits. Southern England possesses particularly large concentrations of them due to the widespread deposition of gravel in the region during the Ice Ages.<br /> <br /> It begins with using a rock crusher in a location that already has plenty of large rocks, such as a quarry. There are many types of crushers, but their main job is the same: crush larger rocks into smaller pieces to be used for construction material.<br /> Crushed stone is then passed through different screeners to be organized and stored in different piles according to their size. The screening process starts by removing larger stones, then medium stones, and eventually goes all the way down to the stone dust. <br /> <br /> After being sorted into different piles depending on the size of the stone, the stone is ready to be shipped from the quarry. Quarries deliver directly to job sites, to concrete plants, or to wholesale distributors who sell the stone through retail to customers. <br /> <br /> ==Common Commercial Rocks used in Gravel==<br /> ;Basalt: An igneous rock often used for road pavement or concrete aggregates. It's also used for masonry projects<br /> ;Granite: An igneous rock that is durable and easily polished. Because of its color, grain, and ability to be polished, it's often used inside homes for countertops or on the outside of monumental or civic buildings. However, it can also be used on bridge piers and river walls.<br /> ;Limestone: A sedimentary rock that is the most commonly used to make crushed stone in the United States. One of the most versatile rocks for construction, limestone is able to be crushed easily, making it a primary rock used in ready-mix concrete, road construction, and railroads. It is widely available in quarries across the country.<br /> ;Sandstone: A sedimentary rock used primarily for concrete and masonry work. It is unsuitable for use as a building stone because of its sediment composition.<br /> [[File:Gravel-driveways-2-2.jpeg|right|thumb|Gravel driveway being created]]<br /> ;Slate: A metamorphic rock typically found in layers. Because it is easily mined and cut in these natural layers, it works well in applications requiring thin rock layers. Common examples are roofing tiles, certain types of chalkboards, gravestones, and some pavement applications.<br /> ;Laterite: A metamorphic rock with a highly porous and sponge structure. It is easily quarried in block form and used as a building stone. However, it is important to plaster the surface to eliminate the pores.<br /> ;Marble: A metamorphic rock. Like granite, it can be polished well and is often used for decorative purposes. Common uses are columns, flooring, or steps in monumental buildings.<br /> ;Gneiss: A metamorphic rock. Due to the harmful components of the rock, it is rarely used in construction, although hard varieties are sometimes used in building construction.<br /> ;Quartzite: A metamorphic rock that is used in building blocks and slabs. It is also used as an aggregate in ready-mix concrete. <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). &quot;gravel&quot;. Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.<br /> <br /> 2. Redi-Mix, Gra-Rock. “The Complete Guide to Crushed Stone and Gravel.” Gra-Rock, 11 Nov. 2019, www.gra-rock.com/post/2019/11/11/the-complete-beginners-guide-to-crushed-stone-and-gravel.<br /> <br /> 3. “Gravel - Geological Formation.” Www.liquisearch.com, www.liquisearch.com/gravel/geological_formation. Accessed 31 Mar. 2023.<br /> <br /> ‌4. “Gravel.” Wikipedia, 27 Feb. 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel#CITEREFJackson1997. Accessed 31 Mar. 2023.<br /> <br /> ‌<br /> <br /> ‌</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10649 2023-05-09T16:45:57Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are a type of [[hexapod]] that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small, either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans, despite having six legs, are not considered to be true [[insects]], though this is controversial. Instead, they are a unique order within the animal kingdom believed to be a sister group to [[collembolan]], but they may be considered their own separate class. They are collectively comprised of more than 800 species across most continents [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The determination of a proturan's morphological taxonomy is highly difficult, and only a small number of taxonomists possess the expertise to achieve this. The location and length ratio, particularly of some foretarsal bristles, play a key role in species identification when observing characteristics such as bristle arrangement or pattern. Alternatively, small splices of their DNA can be studied and compared for species identification. While their complete taxonomic rank is still being figured out, we do know that all proturans reside within a suborder of either eosentomoidea or acerentomoidea [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> Proturans have a poor capacity to disperse, which is mostly due to water and human-mediated transmission. They are also [[soil]]-obligate, meaning they are restricted to [[soil]] habitats and have &quot;mutual&quot; interactions with those environments. However, for up to five days, they can live and move when immersed in freshwater. This fact has helped us discover how proturans have used debris rafts for long-distance traveling, similar to that of other microscopic [[soil]]-dwelling [[arthropods]] such as [[mites]] [4]. Their distribution in aggregates is most likely influenced by their diet, the quality and availability of fungal hyphae, and the creation of aggregation pheromones. Proturans often group together to create species assemblages that represent certain environments. Additionally, they frequently have populations with a high ratio of females to males [5].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> There are several main characteristics that may be shared throughout the various species of proturans. These include the presence or absence of a tracheal system, a rostrum, the size and shape of the mouthparts, the number of segments of the abdominal appendages, and the presence or absence of teeth on the lid covering the large glands on the sides of their exoskeleton [7]. Essentially all proturans do not have any antennae or compound eyes. To make up for the loss of the antenna, the growth and usage of abundant and diverse appendages, namely sensilla on their prolegs (fleshy stubs), may be used as sensory parts instead [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. (2004). &quot;Proturans (Protura)&quot;. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht:1842–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3467<br /> <br /> [2] Resch, M. C., J. Shrubovych, D. Bartel, N. U. Szucsich, G. Timelthaler, Y. Bu, M. Walzl, &amp; G. Pass. (March 2014). &quot;Where taxonomy based on subtle morphological differences is perfectly mirrored by huge genetic distances: DNA barcoding in Protura (hexapoda)&quot;. PLoS ONE 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090653<br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] Galli, L. &amp; I. Rellini. (July 2020). &quot;The geographic distribution of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda): A Review&quot;. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 35. https://doi.org/10.21426/B635048595<br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., M. Capurro, E. Colasanto, T. Molyneux, A. Murray, C. Torti, and M. Zinni (January 2020). &quot;A synopsis of the [[ecology]] of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)&quot;. Revue suisse de Zoologie 126(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463443<br /> <br /> [6] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/8643077843 &quot;Festival of Proturans Part II poss. Acerentomon sp.&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/ Andy Murray] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]<br /> <br /> [7] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, &amp; M. Zinni. (July 2018). &quot;Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key&quot;. ZooKeys 772:1–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.24410<br /> <br /> [8] Allen, R. T., A. Lawrence, &amp; R. L. Brown. (August 2014). &quot;A comparative study of the sensory structures among three basal hexapodclades (Arthropoda: [[Collembola]], Protura, [[Diplura]]) using scanning electronmicrographs&quot;. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20:1280–1281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614008137<br /> <br /> [9] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/21404515062 &quot;protura_flickr&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/ Frost Museum] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Anostraca&diff=10648 2023-05-09T16:41:15Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Bsandiegonensis+-+Andres+Aguilar.jpg|thumb| The California Fairy Shrimp, one of the main drivers in the nature protection plan for vernal ponds in California.]] '''Anostraca''' is one of the four orders of crustaceans that compose the class ''Branchiopoda'', the members of this order are more commonly referred to as &quot;fairy shrimp&quot; or &quot;brine shrimp&quot;. They swim upside-down and are typically found in [[vernal ponds]] and hypersaline lakes (landlocked lakes that contain high levels of sodium chloride and other salts) as well as deserts and colder regions such as ice covered mountains. They are an important food source for many birds and fish, and some are cultured and harvested for fish food in many regions. There are 300 species spread across 8 families. <br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width:80%;&quot;<br /> |+ Fairy Shrimp Taxonomy<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Kingdom<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Phylum <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Subphylum <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Class<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Subclass<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Order <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Classification<br /> | Animalia<br /> | Arthropoda <br /> | Crustacea<br /> | Branchiopoda <br /> | Sarsostraca<br /> | Anostraca<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> <br /> A fairy shrimp's body is typically elongated and divided into three distinct parts: head, abdomen, and thorax. The whole animal can measure anywhere from .25 - 1 inch long (6-25 millimeters); however, some species may not reach sexual maturity until they are 2 inches (50mm) long with the ability to grow up to almost 7 inches (170 mm)[1]. Fairy shrimp possess a thin but flexible exoskeleton that unlike other [[arthropods]] does not have a carapace (an upper section of exoskeleton found in many groups of [[animals]]) [1].<br /> <br /> [[File:Brine.jpeg|thumb|A model showing the separate sections of a fairy shrimp.]] <br /> <br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of fairy shrimp are distinct from the thorax in that the head possesses two compound eyes and two separate pairs of antennae. The shape of the second pair of antennae differ between males and females of the species; the males second pair of antennae are enlarged and specialized (instead of long and cylindrical) in order to be able to better hold females during mating [7]. <br /> <br /> ===Thorax and Abdomen===<br /> Most members of this order have a thorax with 13 segments with the exception of ''Polyartemiella'' and ''Polyartemia'' which possess 19 and 21 segments respectively. All segments but the last two are similar in that they have a pair of flattened leaf-like appendages [1]. The last two segments of the body are fused together and the appendages are then specialized for sexual reproduction. Most fairy shrimp reproduce sexually, however a few reproduce by parthenogenesis. The abdomen is comprised of 6 segments without appendages, and a telson, which bears two flattened cercopods.<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> Fairy shrimp inhabit inland waters including vernal ponds, salt lakes, and lakes at high altitudes or latitudes. Due to their relatively large size and slow means of locomotion, Anostracans are easy prey for predatory fish and waterfowl [2]. This susceptibility to predation causes their range to be restricted to areas with a lower quantity of predators. <br /> <br /> [[File:Brine shrimp .jpeg|thumb| A Fairy Shrimp displaying its &quot;upside-down&quot; swimming method.]]<br /> <br /> Anostracans swim gracefully by moving their phyllopodia which are connected to their body segments. When swimming, fairy shrimp will have their ventral side facing upward, which is why it is said that they are &quot;swimming upside-down&quot; [3]. While swimming, they filter food indiscriminately from the water and scrape algae and other organic materials from solid surfaces. To do this, they turn to have their ventral side against the food surface [5].<br /> <br /> Fairy shrimp have the ability to enter diapause, which is a state of biological dormancy where growth and metabolism are arrested, as an egg (or cyst) [4]. This is an especially important biological trait because it assists in both species' dispersal and overcoming adverse environmental conditions. Once a Fairy shrimp becomes dormant, these cysts can withstand conditions as harsh and diverse as droughts, frosts, hyper salinity, complete desiccation, exposure to UV radiation, and the vacuum of space. Diapause is also the best way for the fairy shrimp to colonize new habitats—facilitated by a variety of conditions including wind, predators, and currents as the adults are unable to leave the freshwater system [4]. <br /> <br /> ==Feeding==<br /> Different anostraca species eat different substances which varies from algae, plankton and organic particles from the water. Most anostracans feed on algae by scraping hard algae covered surfaces with their legs which then makes the algae more accessible to feed on. They also use their legs to filter feed organic particles from the water. <br /> <br /> ==Environmental Impact==<br /> [[File:Shrimpfood.jpg|200px|thumb|Fairy shrimp are often sold as a food product for marine life and aquaculture.]] <br /> <br /> Members of this order, most notably brine shrimp, are used as food for fish and other [[organisms]] in aquaria and aquaculture. In natural environments they are also eaten by birds, water boatmen, fishes and other crustaceans. Their drought-resistant eggs are collected from lakeshores and then stored and transported dry. After transportation, they hatch readily when submerged in salt water. This is a multimillion-dollar industry centered in the Great Salt Lake in Utah and San Francisco Bay in California; adults are collected from Mono Lake and transported frozen [6].<br /> <br /> ==[[Diversity]]== <br /> Of the four orders of Branchiopoda, Anostraca has the widest diversity range. There are approximately 313 species in it, arranged into 26 genera and eight families:<br /> * Artemiidae – 1 genus, 8 species<br /> * Branchinectidae – 1 genus, 45 species<br /> * Branchipodidae – 5 genera, 35 species<br /> * Chirocephalidae – 9 genera, 81 species<br /> * Parartemiidae – 1 genus, 18 species<br /> * Streptocephalidae – 1 genus, 56 species<br /> * Tanymastigidae – 2 genera, 8 species<br /> * Thamnocephalidae – 6 genera, 62 species<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Peter H. H. Weekers; Gopal Murugan; Jacques R. Vanfleteren; Denton Belk; Henri J. Dumont (2002). &quot;Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences&quot; Pg. 535–544. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00289-0. PMID 12450757.<br /> <br /> [2] Vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp. National Wildlife Federation. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Vernal-Pool-Fairy-Shrimp<br /> <br /> [3] “Fairy Shrimp.” 2022. Fairy Shrimp | Merced [[Vernal Pools]] &amp;amp; Grassland Reserve. Accessed May 10. https://vernalpools.ucmerced.edu/ecosystem/reserve-fairy-shrimp. <br /> <br /> [4] Fryer, Geoffrey (1996-03-01). &quot;Diapause, a potent force in the evolution of freshwater crustaceans&quot;. Hydrobiologia. 320 (1–3): 1–14. doi:10.1007/bf00016800<br /> <br /> [5] Denton Belk (2007). &quot;Branchiopoda&quot;. In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton (eds.). The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal [[Invertebrates]] from Central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. pp. 414–417. ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5.<br /> <br /> [6] J. M. Melack (2009). &quot;Saline and soda lakes&quot;. In Sven Erik Jørgensen (ed.). Ecosystem [[Ecology]]. Academic Press. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-0-444-53466-8. <br /> <br /> [7] William David Williams (1980). &quot;Arachnids and Crustaceans&quot;. Australian Freshwater Life: the Invertebrates of Australian Inland Waters (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan Australia. pp. 118–184. ISBN 978-0-333-29894-7<br /> <br /> [8] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Brine Shrimp | [[Crustacean]].” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/animal/brine-shrimp.<br /> <br /> [9] Luc Brendonck; D. Christopher Rogers; Jorgen Olesen; Stephen Weeks; Walter R. Hoch (2008). &quot;Global diversity of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in freshwater&quot;. In Estelle V. Balian; Christian Lévêque; Hendrik Segers; Koen Martens (eds.). Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. Developments in Hydrobiology 198. pp. 167–176. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9119-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-8258-0. S2CID 46608816. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, Volume 595<br /> <br /> ‌</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=10647 2023-05-09T15:59:56Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:LigninPic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic view of rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin within a plant stem.]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, meaning they have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin. However, their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of wood they are found in. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, softwoods are richer in coniferyl alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sinapyl units. A higher concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material [3].<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less lignin)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest [[decomposers]] of lignin since they have the ability to produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick-start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In addition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. While a plant's leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin itself is hydrophobic, or water-repellent. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water, which allows the plant to transport it more efficiently [5]. The last major significance of lignin is its ability to act as an antimicrobial defense polymer, meaning it can protect the plants that contain it from pathogens. It does this by activating various pathogen-fighting genes when an attack is detected, all with the help of the enzyme polymerase [6].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S. &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., &amp; Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., &amp; Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G. &amp; Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V. &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.110100315<br /> <br /> [6] Xie, M., J. Zhang, T. J. Tschaplinski, G. A. Tuskan, J. G. Chen, &amp; W. Muchero. (September 2018). &quot;Regulation of lignin biosynthesis and its role in growth-defense tradeoffs&quot;. Frontiers in Plant Science 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01427</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jewel_Beetle&diff=10646 2023-05-09T15:55:41Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>The Jewel Beetles is a group also known as the ''Buprestidae''. In this family of beetles, there are over 15,500 different species that can be found all over the world. Another common name for this group is the metallic wood-boring beetle. This is due to their shiny iridescent-like body [1]. This group is the most commonly collected beetle type for insect collectors, strictly due to its bright and showy colors. One of the most famous examples of a beetle from this family is the [[Emerald Ash Borer|emerald ash borer]], an invasive beetle that is terrorizing Ash trees across North America [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> '''Kingdom:''' Animalia <br /> '''Phylum:''' Arthopoda<br /> '''Subphylum:''' Uniramia<br /> '''Class:''' Insecta<br /> '''Order:''' Coleoptera<br /> '''Sub Order:''' Polyphaga<br /> '''Family:''' Buprestidae<br /> <br /> [[File: EMB1.jpg |thumb|Emerald Ash Borer beetles on a leaf for scale]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Jewel Beetles are easily identified due to their elongated and oval bodies tapering to a point near the end. Their lengths can measure anywhere from 3mm to 80mm; however, many species are below the 20mm mark [2]. They are hard-bodied [[insects]], rather than flat. Their colors range from many different shades. Some examples being dull browns and blacks, all the way to neon and chrome greens and purples [2]. Their color is created in a different way than many others. They have a textured cuticle that reflects the light differently, causing the bright patterns and different hues of colors [4]. The larvae tunnel their way inside the interior of the host's tree trunk and emerge from the bark when they are ready and matured [3]. Usually focusing on dead, decaying branches on healthy trees, this is where the first part of the life cycle beings for the Jewel Beetle family [4]. There are four stages of life within these beetles. The egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Once adults, they die in a relatively short time frame. Most species only live between a few days and 3 weeks [5]. There have been over 100 different species found that have been fossilized and not seen anywhere else yet [6].<br /> <br /> ==Diet &amp; Food Behavior==<br /> Mainly active during the day, Jewel Beetles spend their nights hiding under leaves and other plant material they can find along the ground. Their diet consists of leaves, nectar, stems, roots, and soft/dead trees and grasses. Some beetles tend to target crops on farm fields and can cause large amounts of economic damage [5].<br /> <br /> ==Habitat and Distribution==<br /> Jewel beetles tend to live in forests and woodlands. Many species are found in Australia (1,200 current different species) and can be seen feeding on and flying around flowers and trees [1]. Some species like the above [[Emerald Ash Borer]] are extremely invasive and take over large areas. Jewel Beetles can be found all over the world but tend to cluster in warmer climates. All over the world, these beetles have been used for generations in many different ways. Places that have large handmade jewelry businesses can also see a spike in these beetles [1]. Hence the name Jewel Beetle. Some are able to live very close, if not in, freshwater environments, while others are able to survive inside bright, high-up areas with no problem [4].<br /> <br /> ==Control Systems==<br /> Controlling beetles can be very challenging and there are not many methods that are guaranteed to work. The first way is hand plucking the beetles off of the plant/tree [7]. This is a method that will remove the beetle without any other effects. When the beetles are in their larva state, spraying with certain pesticides is another common method for removal [7]. However, some beetles are so invasive and hard to get rid of, we simply just let them run their course. Mitigation of these resilient invasive bugs can be very difficult. Millions of dollars have been spent on eradication throughout the country with little success. The Emerald Ash Borer alone has caused 0.8-3.4 million dollars in landscape damages. The only way to remove all of the Borers is to let them run out of food (the ash trees) and die out naturally.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Jewel Beetle. (n.d.). . https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/jewel-beetle/australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/jewel-beetle/.<br /> <br /> [2] What Are Jewel Beetles? (n.d.). . https://www.thoughtco.com/jewel-beetles-family-buprestidae-1968126.<br /> <br /> [3] Jewel Beetle 2. (2022). . https://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.php?identification=Jewel-Beetle.<br /> <br /> [4] Buprestidae. 2021, August 26. .<br /> <br /> [5] Jewel Beetles: Natural History and Interesting Facts. 2020, March 25. .<br /> <br /> [6] Fabio. (n.d.). Jewel Beetles - Learn About Nature. https://www.learnaboutnature.com/insects/beetles/jewel-beetle/.<br /> <br /> [7] How to Protect Your Garden from Japanese Beetles. (n.d.). . https://www.thespruce.com/controlling-adult-japanese-beetles-1402495.<br /> <br /> [8] The potential economic impacts of Emerald Ash Borer. (2007). .</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10645 2023-05-09T15:50:38Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years [4], growing an average of 13 to 24 inches per year, and producing fruit within 12 to 15 years. [5] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [3] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [3], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. They are tolerant of rabbits and droughts. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|170px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts are native to North America and can most often be found growing in riparian zones. [1] They prefer moist, well-draining [[soil]], that is organically rich and in full sun. These trees can not tolerate shade. [3] They can grow in acidic or alkaline soils as well as sandy, loamy, or [[clay]] soils. [5] Their range extends from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York, south to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana and Florida. It also extends from the east coast of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutWood.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnut wood is very valuable given that the heartwood is strong, durable, heavy, and straight-grained. The wood is shock-resistant but can still be easily split, making it easily worked. It is ranked as one of the most durable heartwoods in the United States along with cedars, chestnuts, and black locusts. [1] This makes it a good choice for making veneers, cabinets, paddles, coffins, and gunstocks and for interior finishing. Different parts of the tree can also be used for coloring, with the bark being used for tanning and the husks from the fruit being used to make a yellow-green dye when extracts come from the outer part of the fruit and brownish-black dye when it comes from the inner part of the fruit. [3] These dyes can be used to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios. The dark dye was also historically used by early settlers to dye hair. [1] <br /> <br /> Several parts of the black walnut are also edible. The inner kernel of the fruit is eaten by rabbits and humans [3], with 65% of the annual harvest of black walnuts coming from the state of Missouri. [1] The twigs of the black walnut tree are also eaten by deer. [3] The sap of a black walnut can also be collected and drunk as is or concentrated into a syrup that is similar to the syrup of a sugar maple. [1]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutJuglone.png|350px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts produce a compound called juglone, an allelopathic chemical that can stunt the growth of other plants around the tree. The black walnut has the highest juglone potential out of any of the other walnuts. It was first recorded in 1881 as having a discouraging effect on the surrounding vegetation. The chemical restricts oxygen and food usage in both plants and [[animals]], with a very small amount being required to sicken, sedate, or kill people and animals. It is typically produced by the tree in an attempt to protect its leaves, roots, and stems from grazing animals, [[insects]], diseases, [[nematodes]], and interfering plants. The highest concentrations of juglone precursors can be found in the buds, flowers, fruit, and phloem. [6] In order to kill the surrounding plants, the juglone leaches into the soil to infect the other plants. Here, the chemical can stay in the soil for up to two months, creating a long-lasting, negative effect on the surrounding ecosystem. [7] While several plants have the ability to tolerate the nearby presence of black walnuts and juglone, members of the tomato family, such as tomatos, potatoes, eggplants, and peppers, are highly sensitive and cannot survive near black walnut trees. Several shrubs (lilac, hydrangea, rhododendron, viburnum, and yew) are also sensitive to juglone. [8]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?ItemID=934<br /> <br /> [6] https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/18932.pdf<br /> <br /> [7] https://www.washtenawcd.org/uploads/5/9/2/0/59207889/black_walnut_toxicity-website.pdf<br /> <br /> [8] https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/2021/08/juglone-%E2%80%93-what-it</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:BlackWalnutJuglone.png&diff=10644 2023-05-09T15:35:50Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10643 2023-05-09T15:35:25Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years [4], growing an average of 13 to 24 inches per year, and producing fruit within 12 to 15 years. [5] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [3] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [3], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. They are tolerant of rabbits and droughts. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|170px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts are native to North America and can most often be found growing in riparian zones. [1] They prefer moist, well-draining [[soil]], that is organically rich and in full sun. These trees can not tolerate shade. [3] They can grow in acidic or alkaline soils as well as sandy, loamy, or [[clay]] soils. [5] Their range extends from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York, south to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana and Florida. It also extends from the east coast of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutWood.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnut wood is very valuable given that the heartwood is strong, durable, heavy, and straight-grained. The wood is shock-resistant but can still be easily split, making it easily worked. It is ranked as one of the most durable heartwoods in the United States along with cedars, chestnuts, and black locusts. [1] This makes it a good choice for making veneers, cabinets, paddles, coffins, and gunstocks and for interior finishing. Different parts of the tree can also be used for coloring, with the bark being used for tanning and the husks from the fruit being used to make a yellow-green dye when extracts come from the outer part of the fruit and brownish-black dye when it comes from the inner part of the fruit. [3] These dyes can be used to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios. The dark dye was also historically used by early settlers to dye hair. [1] <br /> <br /> Several parts of the black walnut are also edible. The inner kernel of the fruit is eaten by rabbits and humans [3], with 65% of the annual harvest of black walnuts coming from the state of Missouri. [1] The twigs of the black walnut tree are also eaten by deer. [3] The sap of a black walnut can also be collected and drunk as is or concentrated into a syrup that is similar to the syrup of a sugar maple. [1]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> Black walnuts produce a compound called juglone, an allelopathic chemical that can stunt the growth of other plants around the tree. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?ItemID=934</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:BlackWalnutWood.jpg&diff=10642 2023-05-09T15:21:18Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10641 2023-05-09T15:20:56Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years. [4] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [3] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [3], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. They are tolerant of rabbits and droughts. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|150px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts are native to North America and can most often be found growing in riparian zones. [1] They prefer moist, well-draining [[soil]], that is organically rich and in full sun. These trees can not tolerate shade. [3] Their range extends from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York, south to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana and Florida. It also extends from the east coast of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> Black walnut wood is very valuable given that the heartwood is strong, durable, heavy, and easily worked. This makes it a good choice for making veneers, cabinets, paddles, coffins and gunstocks and for interior finishing. Different parts of the tree can also be used for coloring, with the bark being used for tanning and the husks from the fruit being used to make a yellow-green dye when extracts come from the outer part of the fruit and brownish-black dye when it comes from the inner part of the fruit. [3] These dyes can be used to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios. The dark dye was also historically used by early settlers to dye hair. [1] Several parts of the black walnut are also edible. The inner kernel of the fruit is eaten by rabbits and humans [3], with 65% of the annual harvest of black walnuts coming from the state of Missouri. [1] The twigs of the black walnut tree are also eaten by deer. [3]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10621 2023-05-08T17:44:40Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years. [4] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [3] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [3], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. They are tolerant of rabbits and droughts. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|150px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts are native to North America and can most often be found growing in riparian zones. [1] They prefer moist, well-draining [[soil]], that is organically rich and in full sun. These trees can not tolerate shade. [3] Their range extends from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York, south to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana and Florida. It also extends from the east coast of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> Black walnut wood is very valuable given that the heartwood is strong, durable, heavy, and easily worked. This makes it a good choice for making veneers, cabinets, and gunstocks and for interior finishing. Different parts of the tree can also be used for coloring, with the bark being used for tanning and the husks from the fruit being used to make a yellow-green dye. <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10612 2023-05-08T17:02:40Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years. [4] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [3] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [3], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. They are tolerant of rabbits and droughts. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|150px|thumb|left]]<br /> Black walnuts are native to North America and can most often be found growing in riparian zones. [1] They prefer moist, well-draining [[soil]], that is organically rich and in full sun. These trees can not tolerate shade. [3] Their range extends from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and New York, south to eastern Texas and northern Louisiana and Florida. It also extends from the east coast of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:BlackWalnutLeaf.jpg&diff=10606 2023-05-08T16:29:53Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10605 2023-05-08T16:29:24Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years. [4] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [4] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [4], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutMap.png|300px|thumb|left]]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:BlackWalnutMap.png&diff=10601 2023-05-08T16:27:47Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10600 2023-05-08T16:27:24Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years. [4] The crown is oval or rounded and has a spread of 75 to 100 feet. [2] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. [4] The blooms appear from May to June, are yellowish-green, and are insignificant. [2] The fruits appear from October to November [4], are showy, and have edible kernels. The fruits appear as large spherical nuts with yellow-green husks that turn black when the fruit falls. [2]<br /> <br /> The genus name Juglans comes from the two Latin words jovis and glans meaning Jupiter and acorn, respectively. The name nigra means black, specifically referring to the dark bark and nuts. [2] <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10586 2023-05-07T21:50:02Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> Black walnuts are large, deciduous trees that have an average height of 75 to 100 feet [2], with a maximum height of 150 feet. [3] They typically mature within 150 years. [4] The leaves are feather-compound and alternate on the branches. Each leaf has anywhere from 15 to 23 leaflets that are finely-toothed, narrow, and slightly hairy underneath. The leaves are 1 foot to 2 feet long. When crushed, the leaves often have a spicy scent. Twigs are hairless and have white-woolish buds. The bark is dark, deeply grooved, and has dull ridges. Black walnuts have an average trunk diameter of two to four feet with a maximum diameter of six feet. <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875<br /> <br /> [3] Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Trees. Illustrated by Janet Wehr, New York City, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. <br /> <br /> [4] https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10409 2023-04-22T19:22:28Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> [[File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:BlackWalnutTree.jpg&diff=10408 2023-04-22T19:20:55Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Walnut&diff=10407 2023-04-22T19:20:26Z

<p>Betrotte: Created page with &quot;== Description == == Habitat and Range == == Taxonomy == *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant) **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants) ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants) ****O...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat and Range ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Phylum- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ***Class- Dicotyledons (Flowering Plants)<br /> ****Order- Fagales (Flowering Plants)<br /> *****Family- Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)<br /> ******Genus- Juglans (Walnut Trees)<br /> *******Species- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a875</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10396 2023-04-22T17:31:21Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|300px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ant's close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|250px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long (Crazy Ant) [4], up to 1.6 inches long (Dinoponera, thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of an ant contains the mouth, five eyes, two antennae, and two strong jaws. Of the five eyes, two (located on the front of the head) are compound eyes that are good for acute movement but do not allow for high-resolution images, while the other three (located on the top of the head) are simple eyes that detect changes in light. The two antennae are sensory organs that allow ants to detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations, as well as receive signals through touch. The strong jaws are used for defense, carrying food, and constructing nests. [1]<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> The thorax is the middle part of an ant's body. It is powerful and muscular, with each of an ant's six legs attached to it. If an ant develops temporary wings, they will be attached to the thorax as well. [7]<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> The abdomen contains all the vital and reproductive organs of the ant. If a worker ant has a stinger, it can be found on the back of the abdomen. [7]<br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> The mesosoma is the first of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It is attached to the head, and it contains the thorax plus the first abdominal segment. [1]<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> The petiole is the second of the three subsegments, located between the mesosoma and the garter. It acts similar to a waist in a human, allowing the ant flexibility when twisting and aids the ant when burrowing underground. [7]<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> The gaster is the last of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It contains all of the abdominal segments included in the abdomen except for the ones included in the petiole. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> *Linepithema humile (Argentine Ant)<br /> *Ochetellus glaber (Black House Ant)<br /> *Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Carpenter Ant)<br /> *Solenopsis invicta (Fire Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma melanocephalum (Ghost Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma sessile (Odorous House Ant)<br /> *Tetramorium caespitum (Pavement Ant)<br /> *Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh Ant)<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:LifeCycle.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Formicidae go through four basic life cycle stages in which there are three end results. Ants begin as eggs that are laid by the female queen. They then begin to go through complete metamorphosis, going through four or five larval stages. They are largely immobile during the larval stages and rely on worker ants to eat. In the earlier larval stages, they are provided with liquid food regurgitated by the workers. In the later larval stages, they will begin to be provided with more solid foods, such as pieces of prey, seeds, and trophic eggs. At the end of the larval stages, the ants will emerge as pupae, and the differentiation of the ants into the different castes will begin. If the original egg was not fertilized, the pupa will emerge as a winged male haploid drone. If the original egg was fertilized, the pupa will emerge as either a winged or wingless female diploid queen or a wingless female diploid worker. Whether the female becomes a queen or a worker largely depends on how much nutrients the ant receives during the larval stages. [1]<br /> <br /> Female queens can live up to 30 years. Female workers can live one to three years. Male drones typically only live for a few weeks. [1]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Within the ecosystem, ants are known predators of other insects, keeping their populations under control. They also keep the ecosystem clean by taking care of dead insect carcasses and helping with the [[decomposition]] of other plant and animal remains. [8]<br /> <br /> Within the [[soil]], ants move about the same amount of soil as earthworms [8], turning it and aerating it to allow water, oxygen, and other nutrients to reach [[plant roots]]. [9] They also aid in seed dispersal, carrying seeds down into the soil with them that often grow into new plants. [9] They also keep the soil fertilized and full of nutrients during the transport of plant and animal remains used to create their nests. [8]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.<br /> <br /> [7] https://animals.mom.com/ants-body-parts-5992.html<br /> <br /> [8] https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/ants-are-ecologically-beneficial<br /> <br /> [9] https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/ants/ecological-importance#:~:text=Ants%20play%20an%20important%20role,new%20plants%20(seed%20dispersal).</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10394 2023-04-22T16:49:40Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|300px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|250px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long (Crazy Ant) [4], up to 1.6 inches long (Dinoponera, thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of an ant contains the mouth, five eyes, two antennae, and two strong jaws. Of the five eyes, two (located on the front of the head) are compound eyes that are good for acute movement but do not allow for high-resolution images, while the other three (located on the top of the head) are simple eyes that detect changes in light. The two antennae are sensory organs that allow ants to detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations, as well as receive signals through touch. The strong jaws are used for defense, carrying food, and constructing nests. [1]<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> The thorax is the middle part of an ant's body. It is powerful and muscular, with each of an ant's six legs attached to it. If an ant develops temporary wings, they will be attached to the thorax as well. [7]<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> The abdomen contains all the vital and reproductive organs of the ant. If a worker ant has a stinger, it can be found on the back of the abdomen. [7]<br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> The mesosoma is the first of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It is attached to the head, and it contains the thorax plus the first abdominal segment. [1]<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> The petiole is the second of the three subsegments, located between the mesosoma and the garter. It acts similar to a waist in a human, allowing the ant flexibility when twisting and aids the ant when burrowing underground. [7]<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> The gaster is the last of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It contains all of the abdominal segments included in the abdomen except for the ones included in the petiole. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> *Linepithema humile (Argentine Ant)<br /> *Ochetellus glaber (Black House Ant)<br /> *Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Carpenter Ant)<br /> *Solenopsis invicta (Fire Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma melanocephalum (Ghost Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma sessile (Odorous House Ant)<br /> *Tetramorium caespitum (Pavement Ant)<br /> *Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh Ant)<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:LifeCycle.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> Formicidae go through four basic life cycle stages in which there are three end results. Ants begin as eggs that are laid by the female queen. They then begin to go through complete metamorphosis, going through four or five larval stages. They are largely immobile during the larval stages and rely on worker ants to eat. In the earlier larval stages, they are provided with liquid food regurgitated by the workers. In the later larval stages, they will begin to be provided with more solid foods, such as pieces of prey, seeds, and trophic eggs. At the end of the larval stages, the ants will emerge as pupae, and the differentiation of the ants into the different castes will begin. If the original egg was not fertilized, the pupa will emerge as a winged male haploid drone. If the original egg was fertilized, the pupa will emerge as either a winged or wingless female diploid queen or a wingless female diploid worker. Whether the female becomes a queen or a worker largely depends on how much nutrients the ant receives during the larval stages. [1]<br /> <br /> Female queens can live up to 30 years. Female workers can live one to three years. Male drones typically only live for a few weeks. [1]<br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.<br /> <br /> [7] https://animals.mom.com/ants-body-parts-5992.html</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10358 2023-04-21T18:04:03Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|300px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|250px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long (Crazy Ant) [4], up to 1.6 inches long (Dinoponera, thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of an ant contains the mouth, five eyes, two antennae, and two strong jaws. Of the five eyes, two (located on the front of the head) are compound eyes that are good for acute movement but do not allow for high-resolution images, while the other three (located on the top of the head) are simple eyes that detect changes in light. The two antennae are sensory organs that allow ants to detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations, as well as receive signals through touch. The strong jaws are used for defense, carrying food, and constructing nests. [1]<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> The thorax is the middle part of an ant's body. It is powerful and muscular, with each of an ant's six legs attached to it. If an ant develops temporary wings, they will be attached to the thorax as well. [7]<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> The abdomen contains all the vital and reproductive organs of the ant. If a worker ant has a stinger, it can be found on the back of the abdomen. [7]<br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> The mesosoma is the first of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It is attached to the head, and it contains the thorax plus the first abdominal segment. [1]<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> The petiole is the second of the three subsegments, located between the mesosoma and the garter. It acts similar to a waist in a human, allowing the ant flexibility when twisting and aids the ant when burrowing underground. [7]<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> The gaster is the last of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It contains all of the abdominal segments included in the abdomen except for the ones included in the petiole. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> *Linepithema humile (Argentine Ant)<br /> *Ochetellus glaber (Black House Ant)<br /> *Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Carpenter Ant)<br /> *Solenopsis invicta (Fire Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma melanocephalum (Ghost Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma sessile (Odorous House Ant)<br /> *Tetramorium caespitum (Pavement Ant)<br /> *Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh Ant)<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:LifeCycle.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.<br /> <br /> [7] https://animals.mom.com/ants-body-parts-5992.html</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10357 2023-04-21T17:58:02Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|250px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|250px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long (Crazy Ant) [4], up to 1.6 inches long (Dinoponera, thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of an ant contains the mouth, five eyes, two antennae, and two strong jaws. Of the five eyes, two (located on the front of the head) are compound eyes that are good for acute movement but do not allow for high-resolution images, while the other three (located on the top of the head) are simple eyes that detect changes in light. The two antennae are sensory organs that allow ants to detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations, as well as receive signals through touch. The strong jaws are used for defense, carrying food, and constructing nests. [1]<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> The thorax is the middle part of an ant's body. It is powerful and muscular, with each of an ant's six legs attached to it. If an ant develops temporary wings, they will be attached to the thorax as well. [7]<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> The abdomen contains all the vital and reproductive organs of the ant. If a worker ant has a stinger, it can be found on the back of the abdomen. [7]<br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> The mesosoma is the first of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It is attached to the head, and it contains the thorax plus the first abdominal segment. [1]<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> The petiole is the second of the three subsegments, located between the mesosoma and the garter. It acts similar to a waist in a human, allowing the ant flexibility when twisting and aids the ant when burrowing underground. [7]<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> The gaster is the last of the three subsegments of the ant's body. It contains all of the abdominal segments included in the abdomen except for the ones included in the petiole. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> *Linepithema humile (Argentine Ant)<br /> *Ochetellus glaber (Black House Ant)<br /> *Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Carpenter Ant)<br /> *Solenopsis invicta (Fire Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma melanocephalum (Ghost Ant)<br /> *Tapinoma sessile (Odorous House Ant)<br /> *Tetramorium caespitum (Pavement Ant)<br /> *Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh Ant)<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.<br /> <br /> [7] https://animals.mom.com/ants-body-parts-5992.html</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10356 2023-04-21T17:18:57Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|250px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|200px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long (Crazy Ant) [4], up to 1.6 inches long (Dinoponera, thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> The head of an ant contains the mouth, five eyes, two antennae, and two strong jaws. Of the five eyes, two (located on the front of the head) are compound eyes that are good for acute movement but do not allow for high-resolution images, while the other three (located on the top of the head) are simple eyes that detect changes in light. The two antennae are sensory organs that allow ants to detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations, as well as receive signals through touch. The strong jaws are used for defense, carrying food, and constructing nests. [1]<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> The thorax is the middle part of an ant's body. It is powerful and muscular, with each of an ant's six legs attached to it. If an ant develops temporary wings, they will be attached to the thorax as well. [7]<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> <br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.<br /> <br /> [7] https://animals.mom.com/ants-body-parts-5992.html</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10355 2023-04-21T17:07:50Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|250px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:HTA.png|200px|thumb|left|Figure 1]]<br /> [[File:HMPG.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Figure 2]]<br /> Most ant species found will be either red, brown, or black in color. [2] They can range anywhere from 1/16 of an inch long (Crazy Ant) [4], up to 1.6 inches long (Dinoponera, thought to be the biggest ant species in the world, found in South America). [5] Most common ants, however, are 1/16 to 1/2 an inch long. [6] Their bodies are broken down into three main segments (Figure 1), with the thorax and the abdomen being further broken down into three more subsegments (Figure 2).<br /> ===Head===<br /> ===Thorax===<br /> ===Abdomen===<br /> ===Mesosoma===<br /> ===Petiole===<br /> ===Gaster===<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.<br /> <br /> [4] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/26/science/next-to-fairyflies-ants-are-giants.html#:~:text=The%20smallest%20known%20ant%20is,by%20Bert%20Holldobler%20and%20E.O.<br /> <br /> [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera<br /> <br /> [6] https://www.terminix.com/ants/#:~:text=Their%20legs%20and%20antennae%20are,if%20they%20invade%20your%20home.</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:HMPG.jpg&diff=10354 2023-04-21T16:52:09Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:HTA.png&diff=10353 2023-04-21T16:51:46Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10352 2023-04-21T16:51:24Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|250px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10351 2023-04-21T16:18:20Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|250px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> ==Common Species in the Northeastern USA==<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Formicidae&diff=10350 2023-04-21T16:17:45Z

<p>Betrotte: Created page with &quot;== Overview == right Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order Hymenoptera, which contains the ants close relativ...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Formicidae.jpg|250px|thumb|right]] Formicidae is a family, containing ants, that belongs to the order [[Hymenoptera]], which contains the ants close relatives bees and wasps. It's estimated that there are 22,000 species of ants, with roughly 15,000 of these species being classified. [1] They are incredibly numerous, being found everywhere in the world except for Antarctica as well as Greenland, Iceland, Hawai'i, and some Pacific Islands that don't have native species. [2] The mass of all the ants in the world is said to be greater than the mass of all birds and mammals combined, with an estimated human-to-ant ratio of 1:2,500,000. [3]<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> *Kingdom- Animalia ([[Animals]])<br /> **Phylum- Arthropoda ([[Arthropods]])<br /> ***Class- Insecta ([[Insects]])<br /> ****Order- Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> *****Infraorder- Aculeata (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)<br /> ******Superfamily- Formicoidea (Ants)<br /> *******Family- Formicidae (Ants)<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> ===Common Species in the Northeastern USA===<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> <br /> == Effects on Soil ==<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant<br /> <br /> [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Ants#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2012%2C000,leaf%20litter%2C%20or%20decaying%20plants.<br /> <br /> [3] https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124216118/ants-number-study-quadrillion#:~:text=Press-,The%20number%20of%20ants%20on%20Earth%20is%20about%201%20trillion,million%20ants%20for%20every%20human.</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Formicidae.jpg&diff=10349 2023-04-21T15:51:41Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=9812 2023-03-12T02:08:17Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:BLACK_WILLOW_TREE2__35557.1542957430.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Bl_willow1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]] ''Salix nigra'' is a deciduous tree species that excels in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks, and drainage ditches. It can grow almost anywhere that contains adequate lighting and water. These locations usually occur in areas that are near or just below the water level. It is a fast-growing, yet short-lived, tree that has an extensive range through Eastern North America as well as parts of California and the Southwest. The can grow from 30 to 60 feet tall on a single or multiple trunks, with a crown spread of 30 to 60 feet. Under the best conditions, Salix nigra has been known to reach heights of 140 feet. The leaves are up to 6 inches long, tapering at the end, are medium to dark green, and fine-toothed. The bark is dark brown and rough in texture. [14] Black willow trees are a dioecious species, meaning the males and females appear as separate trees. The flowering season begins in February in the southern range and goes through the end of June in the north. The blooms are tiny (about 2 inches long), insignificant, and yellow to green in color. [14] The flowers contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by [[insects]]. The pollen can still be carried by the wind as well. The seeds of ''Salix nigra'' are small, light brown to yellow, have a capsule shape, and begin to break open and release seedlings that are coated in little hairs.<br /> [[File:Salix_nigra_range_map_1.png|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Subkingdom- Viridiplantae (Green Plants)<br /> ***Infrakingdom- Streptophyta (Land Plants)<br /> ****Superdivision- Embryophyta (Land Plants)<br /> *****Division- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ******Subdivision- Spermatophytina (Seed Plants)<br /> *******Class- Magnoliopsida (Flowering [[Dicots]])<br /> ********Superorder- Rosanae (Flowering Plants)<br /> *********Order- Malpighiales (Flowering Plants)<br /> **********Family- Salicaceae (Willows)<br /> ***********Genus- Salix (Willows)<br /> ************Species- Salix nigra (Black Willow)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Significance ==<br /> <br /> Various different vertebrates [[animals]] rely on the Black Willows as a food source or as a provider of protective habitat. Both the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) feed on fallen willow leaves. The Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, and waterfowl species such as the Mallard and Northern Pintail feed on willow buds during the spring when their other food sources are a little more scarce. Some birds, including the Rusty Grackle, Yellow Warbler, and Warbling Vireo, occasionally use willows as the location for their nests. Black Willows also happen to be one of the tree species that the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker drills holes into in order to feed on the sap. Deer, elk, and cattle are known to browse occasionally on the leaves and twigs of this tree, while beavers feed on the wood and use the branches in the construction of their dams and lodges. <br /> <br /> They are tolerant of floods, herbivory, and erosion, making them good trees to grow on shore banks to prevent [[soil erosion]] and increase marshland stability.<br /> <br /> == Cultural Uses ==<br /> <br /> ''Salix nigra'' is very useful for treating minor aches and pains, as it contains salicin, the primary ingredient in aspirin. The wood of the Black Willow is the most commercially used of the different species of willow for its strength, shock resistance, light weight, and due to the fact that it doesn’t splinter that easily. It’s mostly used in the construction of boxes, crates, and furniture as well as woodturning, table tops, wood carvings, etc. It is the only native willow species in the United States to be used as timber.<br /> <br /> Historically, it was used by Native Americans to make baskets as well as treat fevers, headaches, and coughs. They also recognized that the bark and the leaves could be used to treat rheumatism.<br /> <br /> == Soil Restoration Techniques ==<br /> <br /> In addition to all the cultural uses for this species, the ways in which this willow species can remove heavy metals from the [[soil]] are being studied. They are starting to be used in remediation efforts, and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the tree's tissues have shown to have the capacity to enhance the tree's growth. These trees also possess a resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors like that of [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by ''Salix nigra'' into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere. Black willows are very effective when it comes to soil stabilization, which is why many projects that require erosion control such as river restoration will often use this species in their efforts. [[File:Live_staking.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. https://www.ernstseed.com/products/bioengineering-materials/<br /> <br /> 2. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bl_willow.htm<br /> <br /> 3. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br /> <br /> 4. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br /> Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br /> <br /> 5. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br /> <br /> 6. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br /> <br /> 7. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> 8. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. [[Ecology]] 54(l):118-126.<br /> <br /> 9. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br /> <br /> 10. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br /> <br /> 11. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br /> <br /> 12. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004<br /> <br /> 13. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2230<br /> <br /> 14. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286793</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=9811 2023-03-12T01:52:08Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:BLACK_WILLOW_TREE2__35557.1542957430.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Bl_willow1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]] ''Salix nigra'' is a deciduous tree species that excels in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks, and drainage ditches. It can grow almost anywhere that contains adequate lighting and water. These locations usually occur in areas that are near or just below the water level. It is a fast-growing, yet short-lived, tree that has an extensive range through Eastern North America as well as parts of California and the Southwest. The can grow from 30 to 60 feet tall on a single or multiple trunks, with a crown spread of 30 to 60 feet. Under the best conditions, Salix nigra has been known to reach heights of 140 feet. The leaves are up to 6 inches long, tapering at the end, are medium to dark green, and fine-toothed. The bark is dark brown and rough in texture. [14] Black willow trees are a dioecious species, meaning the males and females appear as separate trees. The flowering season begins in February in the southern range and goes through the end of June in the north. The blooms are tiny (about 2 inches long), insignificant, and yellow to green in color. [14] The flowers contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by [[insects]]. The pollen can still be carried by the wind as well. The seeds of ''Salix nigra'' are small, light brown to yellow, have a capsule shape, and begin to break open and release seedlings that are coated in little hairs.<br /> [[File:Salix_nigra_range_map_1.png|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Subkingdom- Viridiplantae (Green Plants)<br /> ***Infrakingdom- Streptophyta (Land Plants)<br /> ****Superdivision- Embryophyta (Land Plants)<br /> *****Division- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ******Subdivision- Spermatophytina (Seed Plants)<br /> *******Class- Magnoliopsida (Flowering [[Dicots]])<br /> ********Superorder- Rosanae (Flowering Plants)<br /> *********Order- Malpighiales (Flowering Plants)<br /> **********Family- Salicaceae (Willows)<br /> ***********Genus- Salix (Willows)<br /> ************Species- Salix nigra (Black Willow)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Significance ==<br /> <br /> Various different vertebrates [[animals]] rely on the Black Willows as a food source or as a provider of protective habitat. Both the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) feed on fallen willow leaves. The Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, and waterfowl species such as the Mallard and Northern Pintail feed on willow buds during the spring when their other food sources are a little more scarce. Some birds, including the Rusty Grackle, Yellow Warbler, and Warbling Vireo, occasionally use willows as the location for their nests. Black Willows also happen to be one of the tree species that the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker drills holes into in order to feed on the sap. Deer, elk, and cattle are known to browse occasionally on the leaves and twigs of this tree, while beavers feed on the wood and use the branches in the construction of their dams and lodges.<br /> <br /> == Cultural Uses ==<br /> <br /> ''Salix nigra'' is very useful for treating minor aches and pains because it contains salicin which happens to be the primary ingredient of aspirin. The wood of the Black Willow most commercially used of the different species of willow for its strength, shock resistance, and also due to the fact that it doesn’t splinter that easily. It’s mostly used in the construction of boxes and crates as well as woodturning, table tops, wood carvings, etc. <br /> <br /> == Soil Restoration Techniques ==<br /> <br /> In addition to all the cultural uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which this willow species can remove heavy metals from the [[soil]]. It is starting to be used in remediation efforts and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the tree's tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the tree's growth. Not only that, but these trees possess a resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors like that of [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by ''Salix nigra'' into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere. Black willows are also very effective when it comes to soil stabilization, which is why many projects that require erosion control such as river restoration will often use this species in their efforts. [[File:Live_staking.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. https://www.ernstseed.com/products/bioengineering-materials/<br /> <br /> 2. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bl_willow.htm<br /> <br /> 3. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br /> <br /> 4. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br /> Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br /> <br /> 5. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br /> <br /> 6. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br /> <br /> 7. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> 8. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. [[Ecology]] 54(l):118-126.<br /> <br /> 9. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br /> <br /> 10. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br /> <br /> 11. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br /> <br /> 12. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004<br /> <br /> 13. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2230<br /> <br /> 14. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286793</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=9810 2023-03-12T01:51:56Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:BLACK_WILLOW_TREE2__35557.1542957430.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Bl_willow1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]] ''Salix nigra'' is a deciduous tree species that excels in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks, and drainage ditches. It can grow almost anywhere that contains adequate lighting and water. These locations usually occur in areas that are near or just below the water level. It is a fast-growing, yet short-lived, tree that has an extensive range through Eastern North America as well as parts of California and the Southwest. The can grow from 30 to 60 feet tall on a single or multiple trunks, with a crown spread of 30 to 60 feet. Under the best conditions, Salix nigra has been known to reach heights of 140 feet. The leaves are up to 6 inches long, tapering at the end, are medium to dark green, and fine-toothed. The bark is dark brown and rough in texture. [14] Black willow trees are a dioecious species, meaning the males and females appear as separate trees. The flowering season begins in February in the southern range and goes through the end of June in the north. The blooms are tiny (about 2 inches long), insignificant, and yellow to green in color. [14] The flowers contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by [[insects]]. The pollen can still be carried by the wind as well. The seeds of ''Salix nigra'' are small, light brown to yellow, have a capsule shape, and begin to break open and release seedlings that are coated in little hairs.<br /> [[File:Salix_nigra_range_map_1.png|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Subkingdom- Viridiplantae (Green Plants)<br /> ***Infrakingdom- Streptophyta (Land Plants)<br /> ****Superdivision- Embryophyta (Land Plants)<br /> *****Division- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ******Subdivision- Spermatophytina (Seed Plants)<br /> *******Class- Magnoliopsida (Flowering [[Dicots]])<br /> ********Superorder- Rosanae (Flowering Plants)<br /> *********Order- Malpighiales (Flowering Plants)<br /> **********Family- Salicaceae (Willows)<br /> ***********Genus- Salix (Willows)<br /> ************Species- Salix nigra (Black Willow)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Significance ==<br /> <br /> Various different vertebrates [[animals]] rely on the Black Willows as a food source or as a provider of protective habitat. Both the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) feed on fallen willow leaves. The Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, and waterfowl species such as the Mallard and Northern Pintail feed on willow buds during the spring when their other food sources are a little more scarce. Some birds, including the Rusty Grackle, Yellow Warbler, and Warbling Vireo, occasionally use willows as the location for their nests. Black Willows also happen to be one of the tree species that the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker drills holes into in order to feed on the sap. Deer, elk, and cattle are known to browse occasionally on the leaves and twigs of this tree, while beavers feed on the wood and use the branches in the construction of their dams and lodges.<br /> <br /> == Cultural Uses ==<br /> <br /> ''Salix nigra'' is very useful for treating minor aches and pains because it contains salicin which happens to be the primary ingredient of aspirin. The wood of the Black Willow most commercially used of the different species of willow for its strength, shock resistance, and also due to the fact that it doesn’t splinter that easily. It’s mostly used in the construction of boxes and crates as well as woodturning, table tops, wood carvings, etc. <br /> <br /> == Soil Restoration Techniques ==<br /> <br /> In addition to all the cultural uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which this willow species can remove heavy metals from the [[soil]]. It is starting to be used in remediation efforts and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the tree's tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the tree's growth. Not only that, but these trees possess a resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors like that of [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by ''Salix nigra'' into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere. Black willows are also very effective when it comes to soil stabilization, which is why many projects that require erosion control such as river restoration will often use this species in their efforts. [[File:Live_staking.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. https://www.ernstseed.com/products/bioengineering-materials/<br /> <br /> 2. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bl_willow.htm<br /> <br /> 3. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br /> <br /> 4. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br /> Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br /> <br /> 5. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br /> <br /> 6. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br /> <br /> 7. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> 8. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. [[Ecology]] 54(l):118-126.<br /> <br /> 9. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br /> <br /> 10. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br /> <br /> 11. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br /> <br /> 12. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004<br /> <br /> 13. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2230<br /> <br /> 14. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286793</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=9809 2023-03-12T01:51:45Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:BLACK_WILLOW_TREE2__35557.1542957430.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Bl_willow1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]] ''Salix nigra'' is a deciduous tree species that excels in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks, and drainage ditches. It can grow almost anywhere that contains adequate lighting and water. These locations usually occur in areas that are near or just below the water level. It is a fast-growing, yet short-lived, tree that has an extensive range through Eastern North America as well as parts of California and the Southwest. The can grow from 30 to 60 feet tall on a single or multiple trunks, with a crown spread of 30 to 60 feet. Under the best conditions, Salix nigra has been known to reach heights of 140 feet. The leaves are up to 6 inches long, tapering at the end, are medium to dark green, and fine-toothed. The bark is dark brown and rough in texture. [14] Black willow trees are a dioecious species, meaning the males and females appear as separate trees. The flowering season begins in February in the southern range and goes through the end of June in the north. The blooms are tiny (about 2 inches long), insignificant, and yellow to green in color. [14] The flowers contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by [[insects]]. The pollen can still be carried by the wind as well. The seeds of ''Salix nigra'' are small, light brown to yellow, have a capsule shape, and begin to break open and release seedlings that are coated in little hairs.<br /> [[File:Salix_nigra_range_map_1.png|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Subkingdom- Viridiplantae (Green Plants)<br /> ***Infrakingdom- Streptophyta (Land Plants)<br /> ****Superdivision- Embryophyta (Land Plants)<br /> *****Division- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ******Subdivision- Spermatophytina (Seed Plants)<br /> *******Class- Magnoliopsida (Flowering [[Dicots]])<br /> ********Superorder- Rosanae (Flowering Plants)<br /> *********Order- Malpighiales (Flowering Plants)<br /> **********Family- Salicaceae (Willows)<br /> ***********Genus- Salix (Willows)<br /> ************Species- Salix nigra (Black Willow)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Significance ==<br /> <br /> Various different vertebrates [[animals]] rely on the Black Willows as a food source or as a provider of protective habitat. Both the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) feed on fallen willow leaves. The Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, and waterfowl species such as the Mallard and Northern Pintail feed on willow buds during the spring when their other food sources are a little more scarce. Some birds, including the Rusty Grackle, Yellow Warbler, and Warbling Vireo, occasionally use willows as the location for their nests. Black Willows also happen to be one of the tree species that the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker drills holes into in order to feed on the sap. Deer, elk, and cattle are known to browse occasionally on the leaves and twigs of this tree, while beavers feed on the wood and use the branches in the construction of their dams and lodges.<br /> <br /> == Cultural Uses ==<br /> <br /> ''Salix nigra'' is very useful for treating minor aches and pains because it contains salicin which happens to be the primary ingredient of aspirin. The wood of the Black Willow most commercially used of the different species of willow for its strength, shock resistance, and also due to the fact that it doesn’t splinter that easily. It’s mostly used in the construction of boxes and crates as well as woodturning, table tops, wood carvings, etc. <br /> <br /> == Soil Restoration Techniques ==<br /> <br /> In addition to all the cultural uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which this willow species can remove heavy metals from the [[soil]]. It is starting to be used in remediation efforts and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the tree's tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the tree's growth. Not only that, but these trees possess a resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors like that of [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by ''Salix nigra'' into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere. Black willows are also very effective when it comes to soil stabilization, which is why many projects that require erosion control such as river restoration will often use this species in their efforts. [[File:Live_staking.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. https://www.ernstseed.com/products/bioengineering-materials/<br /> <br /> 2. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bl_willow.htm<br /> <br /> 3. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br /> <br /> 4. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br /> Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br /> <br /> 5. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br /> <br /> 6. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br /> <br /> 7. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> 8. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. [[Ecology]] 54(l):118-126.<br /> <br /> 9. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br /> <br /> 10. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br /> <br /> 11. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br /> <br /> 12. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004<br /> <br /> 13. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2230<br /> <br /> 14. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286793</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=9808 2023-03-12T01:51:25Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:BLACK_WILLOW_TREE2__35557.1542957430.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Bl_willow1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]] ''Salix nigra'' is a deciduous tree species that excels in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks, and drainage ditches. It can grow almost anywhere that contains adequate lighting and water. These locations usually occur in areas that are near or just below the water level. It is a fast-growing, yet short-lived, tree that has an extensive range through Eastern North America as well as parts of California and the Southwest. The can grow from 30 to 60 feet tall on a single or multiple trunks, with a crown spread of 30 to 60 feet. Under the best conditions, Salix nigra has been known to reach heights of 140 feet. The leaves are up to 6 inches long, tapering at the end, are medium to dark green, and fine-toothed. The bark is dark brown and rough in texture. [14] Black willow trees are a dioecious species, meaning the males and females appear as separate trees. The flowering season begins in February in the southern range and goes through the end of June in the north. The blooms are tiny (about 2 inches long), insignificant, and yellow to green in color. [14] The flowers contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by [[insects]]. The pollen can still be carried by the wind as well. The seeds of ''Salix nigra'' are small, light brown to yellow, have a capsule shape, and begin to break open and release seedlings that are coated in little hairs.<br /> [[File:Salix_nigra_range_map_1.png|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> <br /> *Kingdom- Plantae (Plant)<br /> **Subkingdom- Viridiplantae (Green Plants)<br /> ***Infrakingdom- Streptophyta (Land Plants)<br /> ****Superdivision- Embryophyta (Land Plants)<br /> *****Division- Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants)<br /> ******Subdivision- Spermatophytina (Seed Plants)<br /> *******Class- Magnoliopsida (Flowering [[Dicots]])<br /> ********Superorder- Rosanae (Flowering Plants)<br /> *********Order- Malpighiales (Flowering Plants)<br /> **********Family- Salicaceae (Willows)<br /> ***********Genus- Salix (Willows)<br /> ************Species- Salix nigra (Black Willow)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Significance ==<br /> <br /> Various different vertebrates [[animals]] rely on the Black Willows as a food source or as a provider of protective habitat. Both the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) feed on fallen willow leaves. The Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, and waterfowl species such as the Mallard and Northern Pintail feed on willow buds during the spring when their other food sources are a little more scarce. Some birds, including the Rusty Grackle, Yellow Warbler, and Warbling Vireo, occasionally use willows as the location for their nests. Black Willows also happen to be one of the tree species that the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker drills holes into in order to feed on the sap. Deer, elk, and cattle are known to browse occasionally on the leaves and twigs of this tree, while beavers feed on the wood and use the branches in the construction of their dams and lodges.<br /> <br /> == Cultural Uses ==<br /> <br /> ''Salix nigra'' is very useful for treating minor aches and pains because it contains salicin which happens to be the primary ingredient of aspirin. The wood of the Black Willow most commercially used of the different species of willow for its strength, shock resistance, and also due to the fact that it doesn’t splinter that easily. It’s mostly used in the construction of boxes and crates as well as woodturning, table tops, wood carvings, etc. <br /> <br /> == Soil Restoration Techniques ==<br /> <br /> In addition to all the cultural uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which this willow species can remove heavy metals from the [[soil]]. It is starting to be used in remediation efforts and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the tree's tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the tree's growth. Not only that, but these trees possess a resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors like that of [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by ''Salix nigra'' into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere. Black willows are also very effective when it comes to soil stabilization, which is why many projects that require erosion control such as river restoration will often use this species in their efforts. [[File:Live_staking.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. https://www.ernstseed.com/products/bioengineering-materials/<br /> <br /> 2. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bl_willow.htm<br /> <br /> 3. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br /> <br /> 4. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br /> Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br /> <br /> 5. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br /> <br /> 6. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br /> <br /> 7. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> 8. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. [[Ecology]] 54(l):118-126.<br /> <br /> 9. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br /> <br /> 10. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br /> <br /> 11. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br /> <br /> 12. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004<br /> <br /> 13. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2230<br /> <br /> 14. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286793</div>

Betrotte https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=9719 2023-03-10T19:41:13Z

<p>Betrotte: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[File:BLACK_WILLOW_TREE2__35557.1542957430.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Bl_willow1.jpg|200px|thumb|left]] ''Salix nigra'' is a deciduous tree species that excels in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks, and drainage ditches, or almost anywhere that contains adequate lighting and water. These locations usually occur in areas that are near or just below the water level. It is a fast-growing yet short-lived tree that has an extensive range through Eastern North America as well as parts of California and the Southwest. Black willow trees are a dioecious species which means the males and females are indistinguishable from one another with the only exceptions being during the flowering season and during the seed developmental process. The beginning of the flowering season begins in February in the southern range and goes through the end of June in the north. The flowers do contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by [[insects]]. That being said, the pollen can still be carried by the wind as well. The seeds of ''Salix nigra'' are small, light brown to yellow, have a capsule shape, and begin to break open and release seedlings that are coated in little hairs.<br /> [[File:Salix_nigra_range_map_1.png|250px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Significance ==<br /> <br /> Various different vertebrates [[animals]] rely on the Black Willows as a food source or as a provider of protective habitat. Both the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) feed on fallen willow leaves. The Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, and waterfowl species such as the Mallard and Northern Pintail feed on willow buds during the spring when their other food sources are a little more scarce. Some birds, including the Rusty Grackle, Yellow Warbler, and Warbling Vireo, occasionally use willows as the location for their nests. Black Willows also happen to be one of the tree species that the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker drills holes into in order to feed on the sap. Deer, elk, and cattle are known to browse occasionally on the leaves and twigs of this tree, while beavers feed on the wood and use the branches in the construction of their dams and lodges.<br /> <br /> == Cultural Uses ==<br /> <br /> ''Salix nigra'' is very useful for treating minor aches and pains because it contains salicin which happens to be the primary ingredient of aspirin. The wood of the Black Willow most commercially used of the different species of willow for its strength, shock resistance, and also due to the fact that it doesn’t splinter that easily. It’s mostly used in the construction of boxes and crates as well as woodturning, table tops, wood carvings, etc. <br /> <br /> == Soil Restoration Techniques ==<br /> <br /> In addition to all the cultural uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which this willow species can remove heavy metals from the [[soil]]. It is starting to be used in remediation efforts and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the tree's tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the tree's growth. Not only that, but these trees possess a resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors like that of [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by ''Salix nigra'' into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere. Black willows are also very effective when it comes to soil stabilization, which is why many projects that require erosion control such as river restoration will often use this species in their efforts. [[File:Live_staking.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. https://www.ernstseed.com/products/bioengineering-materials/<br /> <br /> 2. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bl_willow.htm<br /> <br /> 3. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br /> <br /> 4. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br /> Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br /> <br /> 5. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br /> <br /> 6. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br /> <br /> 7. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> 8. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. [[Ecology]] 54(l):118-126.<br /> <br /> 9. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br /> <br /> 10. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br /> <br /> 11. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br /> <br /> 12. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004<br /> <br /> 13. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2230</div>

Betrotte