Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]

Amphipods

2025-04-19T03:44:08Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_microscope.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Figure 1: Aquatic amphipod]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae
[[File:Amphipod_(2).jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure 2: Amphipod Anatomical Diagram]]
==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material [5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.
[[File:IMG_7670_(1)_(1).jpg|thumb|400px|right|Figure 3: Marine amphipod feeding on algae in substrate]]
==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Female amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature, it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for certain juvenile fish species [8].

==References==
[1] Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C. O., Daneliya, M., ... & Zeidler, W. (n.d.). World Amphipoda Database. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Amphipoda. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] Eawag. (2023, October 3). Amphipods: A miraculous increase in biodiversity. https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Scuds, sideswimmers (amphipods). https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] Buss, L. W., & Bextine, B. (2009). Amphipods (Publication No. IN377). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipoda. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] Hudson River Park Trust. (n.d.). Amphipod. https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-19T03:41:45Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_microscope.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Figure 1: Aquatic amphipod]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae
[[File:Amphipod_(2).jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure 2: Amphipod Anatomical Diagram]]
==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material [5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.
[[File:IMG_7670_(1)_(1).jpg|thumb|400px|right|Figure 3: Amphipod feeding on algae in substrate]]
==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Female amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature, it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for certain juvenile fish species [8].

==References==
[1] Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C. O., Daneliya, M., ... & Zeidler, W. (n.d.). World Amphipoda Database. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Amphipoda. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] Eawag. (2023, October 3). Amphipods: A miraculous increase in biodiversity. https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Scuds, sideswimmers (amphipods). https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] Buss, L. W., & Bextine, B. (2009). Amphipods (Publication No. IN377). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipoda. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] Hudson River Park Trust. (n.d.). Amphipod. https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-19T03:41:04Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_microscope.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Figure 1: Aquatic amphipod]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae
[[File:Amphipod_(2).jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure 2: Amphipod Anatomical Diagram]]
==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material [5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.
[[File:IMG_7670_(1)_(1).jpg|thumb|400px|right|Figure 3: Amphipod with visible algae in system]]
==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Female amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature, it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for certain juvenile fish species [8].

==References==
[1] Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C. O., Daneliya, M., ... & Zeidler, W. (n.d.). World Amphipoda Database. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Amphipoda. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] Eawag. (2023, October 3). Amphipods: A miraculous increase in biodiversity. https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Scuds, sideswimmers (amphipods). https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] Buss, L. W., & Bextine, B. (2009). Amphipods (Publication No. IN377). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipoda. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] Hudson River Park Trust. (n.d.). Amphipod. https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

File:IMG 7670 (1) (1).jpg

2025-04-19T03:39:32Z

Alexsamo:

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:56:35Z

Alexsamo: /* Habitat */

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_microscope.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Figure 1: Aquatic amphipod]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae
[[File:Amphipod_(2).jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure 2: Amphipod Anatomical Diagram]]
==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material [5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Female amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature, it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for certain juvenile fish species [8].

==References==
[1] Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C. O., Daneliya, M., ... & Zeidler, W. (n.d.). World Amphipoda Database. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Amphipoda. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] Eawag. (2023, October 3). Amphipods: A miraculous increase in biodiversity. https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Scuds, sideswimmers (amphipods). https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] Buss, L. W., & Bextine, B. (2009). Amphipods (Publication No. IN377). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipoda. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] Hudson River Park Trust. (n.d.). Amphipod. https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:53:30Z

Alexsamo: /* Habitat */

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_microscope.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Figure 1: Aquatic amphipod]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae
[[File:Amphipod_(2).jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure 2: Amphipod Anatomical Diagram]]
==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material [5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments [6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Females amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, which is located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for a certain fish species [8].

==References==
[1] Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C. O., Daneliya, M., ... & Zeidler, W. (n.d.). World Amphipoda Database. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Amphipoda. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] Eawag. (2023, October 3). Amphipods: A miraculous increase in biodiversity. https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Scuds, sideswimmers (amphipods). https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] Buss, L. W., & Bextine, B. (2009). Amphipods (Publication No. IN377). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipoda. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] Hudson River Park Trust. (n.d.). Amphipod. https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:52:37Z

Alexsamo: /* Description */

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_microscope.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Figure 1: Aquatic amphipod]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae
[[File:Amphipod_(2).jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure 2: Amphipod Anatomical Diagram]]
==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material [5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Females amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, which is located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for a certain fish species [8].

==References==
[1] Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C. O., Daneliya, M., ... & Zeidler, W. (n.d.). World Amphipoda Database. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Amphipoda. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] Eawag. (2023, October 3). Amphipods: A miraculous increase in biodiversity. https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Scuds, sideswimmers (amphipods). https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] Buss, L. W., & Bextine, B. (2009). Amphipods (Publication No. IN377). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipoda. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] Hudson River Park Trust. (n.d.). Amphipod. https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:50:13Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_microscope.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Figure 1: Aquatic amphipod]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae
[[File:Amphipod_(2).jpg|thumb|600px|left|Figure 2: Amphipod Anatomical Diagram]]
==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material[5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Females amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, which is located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for a certain fish species [8].

==References==
[1] Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C. O., Daneliya, M., ... & Zeidler, W. (n.d.). World Amphipoda Database. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Amphipoda. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] Eawag. (2023, October 3). Amphipods: A miraculous increase in biodiversity. https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Scuds, sideswimmers (amphipods). https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] Buss, L. W., & Bextine, B. (2009). Amphipods (Publication No. IN377). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipoda. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Amphipod. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] Hudson River Park Trust. (n.d.). Amphipod. https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

File:Amphipod microscope.jpg

2025-04-19T00:45:59Z

Alexsamo: Alexsamo uploaded a new version of File:Amphipod microscope.jpg

File:Amphipod microscope.jpg

2025-04-19T00:43:58Z

Alexsamo:

File:Amphipod (2).jpg

2025-04-19T00:31:15Z

Alexsamo:

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:28:42Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipod_(1).jpg|thumb|600px|Amphipod Figure]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae

==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material[5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Females amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, which is located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for a certain fish species [8].

==References==
[1]https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:26:59Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].
[[File:Amphipods(1).jpg|thumb|400px|left|Amphipod Figure]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae

==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material[5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Females amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, which is located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for a certain fish species [8].

==References==
[1]https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

File:Amphipod (1).jpg

2025-04-19T00:24:02Z

Alexsamo: Alexsamo uploaded a new version of File:Amphipod (1).jpg

File:Amphipod (1).jpg

2025-04-19T00:23:19Z

Alexsamo:

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:20:53Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].

==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae

==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material[5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Females amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, which is located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for a certain fish species [8].

==References==
[1]https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-19T00:20:36Z

Alexsamo:

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes groups such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp [1]. Amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments with currently 10,753 known species [1]. In aquatic environments, amphipods are often referred to as as scuds, shrimp, or side swimmers [1]. On land, terrestrial species may be called land hoppers or beach/sand flies [1]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species due to their high population densities and their significant role in food webs [3].

==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae

==Description==
Amphipods can range from 1 to 340 millimeters [2] with a laterally compressed, segmented body and prominent antennae [4]. Amphipods lack a carapace which is the hard upper shell that be seen on crayfish or lobsters [5]. Amphipoda also means "different feet", referring to their three pairs of pleopods and three pairs of uropods, whereas [[Isopods]], a related group of crustaceans, means "same feet" [1]. Most amphipods are [[detritivores]], feeding on decaying plant and animal matter which plays a vital role in ecosystems by breaking down organic material[5]. Similar to crayfish and lobsters, amphipods must periodically molt their exoskeleton in order to grow [6].

==Habitat==
'''Aquatic:''' Aquatic amphipods can be found in both marine and freshwater environments and are often found at the bottom of the substrate [5]. Some of the aquatic species may be seen burrowing in the substrate, creating small tunnels or depressions where they can hide from predators and forage for food [5]. In doing so, this behavior also plays a role in sediment turnover [5].

'''Terrestrial:''' Terrestrial amphipods live on the top half inch of [[soil]], relying heavily on the moisture to survive [6]. Amphipods do not contain a waxy layer on their exoskeleton, therefore they are prone to desiccation in dry environments due to significant water losses[6]. Significant changes in soil moisture or habitat disturbance can quickly impact their populations.

==Life Cycle==
Most amphipod species complete their life cycle in one year or less [6]. Females amphipods can produce hundreds of eggs within a single brood [6]. These eggs are kept in a pouch called a marsupium, which is located on the underside of the female offering protection as the eggs develop [7]. Depending on the species and water temperature it may take 1 to 20 weeks for the eggs to fully develop [7]. Once the eggs hatch, the juvenile amphipods look like small versions of the adults and become sexually mature after growing and molting several times [6].

==Ecosystem Importance==
Amphipods are considered secondary producers within aquatic and terrestrial food webs [8]. They primarily feed on organic materials such as [[algae]] and detritus which helps recycle nutrients [8]. Additionally, amphipods serve as a major food source for a certain fish species [8].

==References==
[1]https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/amphipod

[5] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/scuds-sideswimmers-amphipods#:~:text=Habitat%20and%20Conservation,at%20the%20bottom%20of%20ponds.

[6] https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN377

[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/amphipoda

[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209812300117X

[9] https://hudsonriverpark.org/the-park/parks-river-project/science/wetlab/invertebrates/amphipod/

Amphipods

2025-04-18T23:53:38Z

Alexsamo: /* Description */

Amphipods

2025-04-18T23:40:56Z

Alexsamo: /* References */

Amphipods

2025-04-18T23:40:34Z

Alexsamo: /* Ecosystem Importance */

Amphipods

2025-04-18T23:33:01Z

Alexsamo: /* References */

Amphipods

2025-04-18T23:32:45Z

Alexsamo: /* Ecosystem Importance */

Amphipods

2025-04-18T16:05:25Z

Alexsamo:

Amphipods

2025-04-17T18:40:16Z

Alexsamo: Created page with "''Amphipods'', are a type of crustacean which includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimp [1]. While they may look closely related to shrimp, amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments [2]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species with their large abundance within ecosystems serving as both a food source and material turnover [3]. ==Taxonomy== '''Class:''' Malacostraca '''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca '''Phylum:''' Anthropoda..."

''Amphipods'', are a type of [[crustacean]] which includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimp [1]. While they may look closely related to shrimp, amphipods can be found in both marine and terrestrial environments [2]. Amphipods are often considered keystone species with their large abundance within ecosystems serving as both a food source and material turnover [3].

==Taxonomy==
'''Class:''' Malacostraca
'''Subclass:''' Eumalacostraca
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Order:''' Amphipoda
'''Family:''' Gammaridae

==Description==

==Habitat==

==Life Cycle==

'''Eggs:'''

'''Juvenile:'''

'''Adult:'''

==Ecosystem Importance==

==Conservation Status==

==References==
[1]https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/#:~:text=The%20order%20Amphipoda%20is%20part,and%20three%20pairs%20of%20uropods.

[2] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47628-Amphipoda

[3] https://www.eawag.ch/en/info/portal/news/news-detail/amphipods-a-miraculous-increase-in-biodiversity/

[4]

[5]

Pinedrop

2025-04-04T16:38:23Z

Alexsamo: /* Mycroheterotrophy and Role in Soil Ecology */

=='''Classification'''==

Kingdom: ''Plantae''

Phylum: ''Magnoliophyta''

Class: ''Magnoliopsida''

[[File: Pinedrop.jpg|522px|thumb|right| Figure 1- Pinedrop in natural habitat on forest floor.]]

=='''Introduction'''==
Pterospora andromedea commonly known as Pinedrops, is a parasitic plant of the heath family. This plant relies on mycoheterotrophy, the plant nutrition tactic that involves getting its carbon and other nutrients from fungi rather than photosynthesis [1]. They have a red stalk with bell-shaped flowers that hang upside down.

=='''Range & Habitat'''==
Pinedrops are native to coniferous forests of North America commonly growing from the [[soil]] below pine trees. Populations can be found in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, though it is most commonly found in mountainous regions like the northern Appalachians or Rockies. Pinedrop grows well in acidic, well-drained soils that are nutrient-poor [3]. They also need coniferous forests with ectomycorrhizal growth, which they rely on for nutrients. Pinedrops are more likely to be found in older forests with less disturbance because these conditions promote the growth of the fungi systems they prey on.

=='''Mycroheterotrophy and Role in Soil Ecology'''==
The mutualistic relationship between pines and microrysal fungi is what allows Pinedrops to survive. The trees provide the fungi with the glucose created through photosynthesis in exchange the fungus provides nutrients the tree is not capable of retreaving on its own like nitrogen the fungus can also make it easier for the tree to collect water [2]. Pinedrops are parasites and take advantage of this mutualism. They take the nutrients glucose and water from the fungi while it is exchanging with the tree. These specific relationships and circumstances make the Pinedrop uncommon. They can also be used as an indicator to tell if a forest is thriving.

==Refrences==
[1]Mycoheterotrophy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). . https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/mycoheterotrophy.

[2]Mycorrhizal fungi / RHS. (n.d.). . https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/mycorrhizal-fungi.

[3]Woodland Pinedrops. (n.d.). . https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/pterospora_andromedea.shtml.

Pinedrop

2025-04-04T16:38:02Z

Alexsamo: /* Range & Habitat */

=='''Classification'''==

Kingdom: ''Plantae''

Phylum: ''Magnoliophyta''

Class: ''Magnoliopsida''

[[File: Pinedrop.jpg|522px|thumb|right| Figure 1- Pinedrop in natural habitat on forest floor.]]

=='''Introduction'''==
Pterospora andromedea commonly known as Pinedrops, is a parasitic plant of the heath family. This plant relies on mycoheterotrophy, the plant nutrition tactic that involves getting its carbon and other nutrients from fungi rather than photosynthesis [1]. They have a red stalk with bell-shaped flowers that hang upside down.

=='''Range & Habitat'''==
Pinedrops are native to coniferous forests of North America commonly growing from the [[soil]] below pine trees. Populations can be found in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, though it is most commonly found in mountainous regions like the northern Appalachians or Rockies. Pinedrop grows well in acidic, well-drained soils that are nutrient-poor [3]. They also need coniferous forests with ectomycorrhizal growth, which they rely on for nutrients. Pinedrops are more likely to be found in older forests with less disturbance because these conditions promote the growth of the fungi systems they prey on.

=='''Mycroheterotrophy and Role in Soil Ecology'''==
The mutualistic relationship between pines and microrysal fungi is what allows Pinedrops to survive. The trees provide the fungi with the glucose created through photosynthesis in exchange the fungus provides nutrients the tree is not capable of retreaving on its own like nitrogen the fungus can also make it easier for the tree to collect water[2]. Pinedrops are parasites and take advantage of this mutualism. They take the nutrients glucose and water from the fungi while it is exchanging with the tree. These specific relationships and circumstances make the Pinedrop uncommon. They can also be used as an indicator to tell if a forest is thriving.

==Refrences==
[1]Mycoheterotrophy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). . https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/mycoheterotrophy.

[2]Mycorrhizal fungi / RHS. (n.d.). . https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/mycorrhizal-fungi.

[3]Woodland Pinedrops. (n.d.). . https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/pterospora_andromedea.shtml.

Pinedrop

2025-04-04T16:37:00Z

Alexsamo: /* Range & Habitat */

=='''Classification'''==

Kingdom: ''Plantae''

Phylum: ''Magnoliophyta''

Class: ''Magnoliopsida''

[[File: Pinedrop.jpg|522px|thumb|right| Figure 1- Pinedrop in natural habitat on forest floor.]]

=='''Introduction'''==
Pterospora andromedea commonly known as Pinedrops, is a parasitic plant of the heath family. This plant relies on mycoheterotrophy, the plant nutrition tactic that involves getting its carbon and other nutrients from fungi rather than photosynthesis [1]. They have a red stalk with bell-shaped flowers that hang upside down.

=='''Range & Habitat'''==
Pinedrops are native to coniferous forests of North America commonly growing from the [[soil]] below pine trees. Populations can be found in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, though it is most commonly found in mountainous regions like the northern Appalachians or Rockies. Pinedrop grows well in acidic, well-drained soils that are nutrient-poor [3]. They also need coniferous forests with ectmycrorhizal growth, which they rely on for nutrients. Pinedrops are more likely to be found in older forests with less disterbnces because these conditions promote the growth of the fungi systems they prey on.

=='''Mycroheterotrophy and Role in Soil Ecology'''==
The mutualistic relationship between pines and microrysal fungi is what allows Pinedrops to survive. The trees provide the fungi with the glucose created through photosynthesis in exchange the fungus provides nutrients the tree is not capable of retreaving on its own like nitrogen the fungus can also make it easier for the tree to collect water[2]. Pinedrops are parasites and take advantage of this mutualism. They take the nutrients glucose and water from the fungi while it is exchanging with the tree. These specific relationships and circumstances make the Pinedrop uncommon. They can also be used as an indicator to tell if a forest is thriving.

==Refrences==
[1]Mycoheterotrophy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). . https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/mycoheterotrophy.

[2]Mycorrhizal fungi / RHS. (n.d.). . https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/mycorrhizal-fungi.

[3]Woodland Pinedrops. (n.d.). . https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/pterospora_andromedea.shtml.

Pinedrop

2025-04-04T16:36:45Z

Alexsamo: /* Introduction */

=='''Classification'''==

Kingdom: ''Plantae''

Phylum: ''Magnoliophyta''

Class: ''Magnoliopsida''

[[File: Pinedrop.jpg|522px|thumb|right| Figure 1- Pinedrop in natural habitat on forest floor.]]

=='''Introduction'''==
Pterospora andromedea commonly known as Pinedrops, is a parasitic plant of the heath family. This plant relies on mycoheterotrophy, the plant nutrition tactic that involves getting its carbon and other nutrients from fungi rather than photosynthesis [1]. They have a red stalk with bell-shaped flowers that hang upside down.

=='''Range & Habitat'''==
Pinedrops are native to coniferous forests of North America commonly growing from the [[soil]] below pine trees. Populations can be found in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, though it is most commonly found in mountainous regions like the northern Appalachians or Rockies. Pinedrop grows well in acidic, well-drained soils that are nutrient-poor[3]. They also need coniferous forests with ectmycrorhizal growth, which they rely on for nutrients. Pinedrops are more likely to be found in older forests with less disterbnces because these conditions promote the growth of the fungi systems they prey on.

=='''Mycroheterotrophy and Role in Soil Ecology'''==
The mutualistic relationship between pines and microrysal fungi is what allows Pinedrops to survive. The trees provide the fungi with the glucose created through photosynthesis in exchange the fungus provides nutrients the tree is not capable of retreaving on its own like nitrogen the fungus can also make it easier for the tree to collect water[2]. Pinedrops are parasites and take advantage of this mutualism. They take the nutrients glucose and water from the fungi while it is exchanging with the tree. These specific relationships and circumstances make the Pinedrop uncommon. They can also be used as an indicator to tell if a forest is thriving.

==Refrences==
[1]Mycoheterotrophy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). . https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/mycoheterotrophy.

[2]Mycorrhizal fungi / RHS. (n.d.). . https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/mycorrhizal-fungi.

[3]Woodland Pinedrops. (n.d.). . https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/pterospora_andromedea.shtml.

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-29T18:55:12Z

Alexsamo: /* Bioluminescence */

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles. The Common Eastern Firefly is the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer months by emitting a bioluminescence that is often used to attract mates [1].
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow [2]. The wing covers are black and edged in yellow and are often leathery in texture [1]. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment being yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
The creation of the bioluminescent light is formed with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is emitted in the form of light, with very little released as heat [1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to attract a male. While the bioluminescent is often used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity [6]. Additionally, the female Common Eastern Firefly may be found luring in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands generally found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|right|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperature [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season [1].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Eastern Firefly acts as both a predator and prey therefore contributing to food web stability [9]. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species feed off of the Common Eastern Firefly due to their toxicity, invertebrate predators such as spiders are found to be least affect by the toxins [9].

==Conservation Status==
According to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as of 2020, Photinus pyralis species is listed as least concern [10]. However the overall abundance of fireflies are seen to be dwindling due to a variety of threats. Factors such as habitat loss, light pollution and the use of pesticides are contributing to the decrease in numbers in fireflies [11].

==References==

[1] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis. iNaturalist. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Fireflies (lightning bugs). Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above

[3] University of Michigan. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly). Animal [[Diversity]] Web. Retrieved March 29, 2025, fromhttps://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen

[4] Branchini, B. (n.d.). Bioluminescence: The science behind the glow. Photobiology. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] National Park Service. (n.d.). Firefly flash patterns. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] Finger Lakes Land Trust. (n.d.). Firefly bioluminescence. Finger Lakes Land Trust. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] Neely, B. (n.d.). Firefly larvae and their development. LSU AgCenter. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

[8] Life on CSG Pond. (n.d.). Common eastern firefly. Life on CSG Pond. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[9] The Xerces Society. (2019). Firefly conservation and management guidelines. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/publications/19-049_01_Firefly%20guidelines_web_1.pdf

[10] IUCN. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164046430/166771623#assessment-information

[11] Miller, R. (2020, July 29). Fireflies, glow worms, and lightning bugs: The decline of a luminous species. Yale E360. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://e360.yale.edu/features/fireflies-glow-worms-lightning-bugs-decline

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-29T18:53:02Z

Alexsamo: /* References */

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles. The Common Eastern Firefly is the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer months by emitting a bioluminescence that is often used to attract mates [1].
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow [2]. The wing covers are black and edged in yellow and are often leathery in texture [1]. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment being yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
The creation of the bioluminescent light is formed with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is emitted in the form of light, with very little released as heat [1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to attract a male. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity [6]. Additionally, the female Common Eastern Firefly may be found luring in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands generally found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|right|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperature [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season [1].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Eastern Firefly acts as both a predator and prey therefore contributing to food web stability [9]. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species feed off of the Common Eastern Firefly due to their toxicity, invertebrate predators such as spiders are found to be least affect by the toxins [9].

==Conservation Status==
According to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as of 2020, Photinus pyralis species is listed as least concern [10]. However the overall abundance of fireflies are seen to be dwindling due to a variety of threats. Factors such as habitat loss, light pollution and the use of pesticides are contributing to the decrease in numbers in fireflies [11].

==References==

[1] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis. iNaturalist. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Fireflies (lightning bugs). Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above

[3] University of Michigan. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly). Animal [[Diversity]] Web. Retrieved March 29, 2025, fromhttps://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen

[4] Branchini, B. (n.d.). Bioluminescence: The science behind the glow. Photobiology. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] National Park Service. (n.d.). Firefly flash patterns. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] Finger Lakes Land Trust. (n.d.). Firefly bioluminescence. Finger Lakes Land Trust. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] Neely, B. (n.d.). Firefly larvae and their development. LSU AgCenter. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

[8] Life on CSG Pond. (n.d.). Common eastern firefly. Life on CSG Pond. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[9] The Xerces Society. (2019). Firefly conservation and management guidelines. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/publications/19-049_01_Firefly%20guidelines_web_1.pdf

[10] IUCN. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164046430/166771623#assessment-information

[11] Miller, R. (2020, July 29). Fireflies, glow worms, and lightning bugs: The decline of a luminous species. Yale E360. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://e360.yale.edu/features/fireflies-glow-worms-lightning-bugs-decline

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-29T18:50:45Z

Alexsamo: /* References */

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles. The Common Eastern Firefly is the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer months by emitting a bioluminescence that is often used to attract mates [1].
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow [2]. The wing covers are black and edged in yellow and are often leathery in texture [1]. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment being yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
The creation of the bioluminescent light is formed with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is emitted in the form of light, with very little released as heat [1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to attract a male. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity [6]. Additionally, the female Common Eastern Firefly may be found luring in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands generally found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|right|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperature [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season [1].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Eastern Firefly acts as both a predator and prey therefore contributing to food web stability [9]. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species feed off of the Common Eastern Firefly due to their toxicity, invertebrate predators such as spiders are found to be least affect by the toxins [9].

==Conservation Status==
According to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as of 2020, Photinus pyralis species is listed as least concern [10]. However the overall abundance of fireflies are seen to be dwindling due to a variety of threats. Factors such as habitat loss, light pollution and the use of pesticides are contributing to the decrease in numbers in fireflies [11].

==References==

[1] iNaturalist. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis. iNaturalist. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Fireflies (lightning bugs). Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-
bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] University of Michigan. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly). Animal [[Diversity]] Web. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen

[4] Branchini, B. (n.d.). Bioluminescence: The science behind the glow. Photobiology. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] National Park Service. (n.d.). Firefly flash patterns. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] Finger Lakes Land Trust. (n.d.). Firefly bioluminescence. Finger Lakes Land Trust. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.fllt.org/firefly-
bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] Neely, B. (n.d.). Firefly larvae and their development. LSU AgCenter. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from
https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

[8] Life on CSG Pond. (n.d.). Common eastern firefly. Life on CSG Pond. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-
firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[9] The Xerces Society. (2019). Firefly conservation and management guidelines. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/publications/19-
049_01_Firefly%20guidelines_web_1.pdf

[10] IUCN. (n.d.). Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164046430/166771623#assessment-information

[11] Miller, R. (2020, July 29). Fireflies, glow worms, and lightning bugs: The decline of a luminous species. Yale E360. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://e360.yale.edu/features/fireflies-glow-worms-lightning-bugs-decline

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-29T18:43:17Z

Alexsamo:

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles. The Common Eastern Firefly is the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer months by emitting a bioluminescence that is often used to attract mates [1].
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow [2]. The wing covers are black and edged in yellow and are often leathery in texture [1]. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment being yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
The creation of the bioluminescent light is formed with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is emitted in the form of light, with very little released as heat [1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to attract a male. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity [6]. Additionally, the female Common Eastern Firefly may be found luring in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands generally found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|right|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperature [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season [1].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Eastern Firefly acts as both a predator and prey therefore contributing to food web stability [9]. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species feed off of the Common Eastern Firefly due to their toxicity, invertebrate predators such as spiders are found to be least affect by the toxins [9].

==Conservation Status==
According to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as of 2020, Photinus pyralis species is listed as least concern [10]. However the overall abundance of fireflies are seen to be dwindling due to a variety of threats. Factors such as habitat loss, light pollution and the use of pesticides are contributing to the decrease in numbers in fireflies [11].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4]http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

[8] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[9] https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/publications/19-049_01_Firefly%20guidelines_web_1.pdf

[10] https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164046430/166771623#assessment-information

[11] https://e360.yale.edu/features/fireflies-glow-worms-lightning-bugs-decline

File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg

2025-03-29T18:42:12Z

Alexsamo: Alexsamo uploaded a new version of File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg

File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg

2025-03-29T18:05:24Z

Alexsamo: Alexsamo uploaded a new version of File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg

File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com (1).png

2025-03-29T18:05:07Z

Alexsamo: Alexsamo uploaded a new version of File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com (1).png

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-29T17:44:18Z

Alexsamo:

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles. The Common Eastern Firefly is the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer months by emitting a bioluminescence that is often used to attract mates [1].
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow with yellow on the outer most edge [2]. The wing covers are black and edged in yellow. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment which is yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
The creation of the bioluminescent light is formed with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is in the form of light with very little released as heat [1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to find a mate. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity [6]. On some occasions the female Common Eastern Firefly is found luring in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands typically found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Eastern Firefly acts as both a predator and prey therefore contributing to food web stability [7]. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species feed off of the Common Eastern Firefly due to their toxicity, invertebrate predators such as spiders are found to be least affect by the toxins [7].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [8].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperature [9].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season [1].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4]http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/publications/19-049_01_Firefly%20guidelines_web_1.pdf

[8] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[9] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-28T15:41:25Z

Alexsamo:

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles. The Common Eastern Firefly is the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer emitting a bioluminescence that is used to attract mates, prey, and may be used for defense [1].
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The overall body of the beetles transitions from red to black to yellow when analyzing from the head to the lower abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow with yellow on the outer most edge of the cover [2]. The wing covers are a black in color and are edged in yellow. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment which is yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
They create the bioluminescent light with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is in the form of light with very little released as heat [1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to find a mate. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity [6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands typically found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Easter Firefly acts as both a predator and prey. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species eat the Common Easter Firefly, it can be seen that Photinus pyralis species will eat each other. It can be found that females may lure in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperatures [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season[1].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4]http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[8] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-28T15:36:22Z

Alexsamo: /* Bioluminescence */

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles that are one the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer.
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The overall body of the beetles transitions from red to black to yellow when analyzing from the head to the lower abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow with yellow on the outer most edge of the cover [2]. The wing covers are a black in color and are edged in yellow. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment which is yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
They create the bioluminescent light with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is in the form of light with very little released as heat [1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to find a mate. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity [6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands typically found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Easter Firefly acts as both a predator and prey. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species eat the Common Easter Firefly, it can be seen that Photinus pyralis species will eat each other. It can be found that females may lure in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperatures [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season[1].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4]http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[8] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-28T15:35:29Z

Alexsamo: /* Life Cycle */

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles that are one the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer.
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The overall body of the beetles transitions from red to black to yellow when analyzing from the head to the lower abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow with yellow on the outer most edge of the cover [2]. The wing covers are a black in color and are edged in yellow. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment which is yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
They create the bioluminescent light with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is in the form of light with very little released as heat[1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to find a mate. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity[6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands typically found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Easter Firefly acts as both a predator and prey. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species eat the Common Easter Firefly, it can be seen that Photinus pyralis species will eat each other. It can be found that females may lure in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators [1].

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperatures [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season[1].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4]http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[8] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-28T15:35:11Z

Alexsamo: /* Ecosystem Importance */

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles that are one the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer.
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The overall body of the beetles transitions from red to black to yellow when analyzing from the head to the lower abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow with yellow on the outer most edge of the cover [2]. The wing covers are a black in color and are edged in yellow. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment which is yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
They create the bioluminescent light with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is in the form of light with very little released as heat[1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to find a mate. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity[6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands typically found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Easter Firefly acts as both a predator and prey. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms [1]. While not many species eat the Common Easter Firefly, it can be seen that Photinus pyralis species will eat each other. It can be found that females may lure in males by mimicking mating signals as bait [6].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators[1].

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid[1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperatures [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season.[1].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4]http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[8] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-28T15:33:19Z

Alexsamo:

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles that are one the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in late spring and early summer.
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The overall body of the beetles transitions from red to black to yellow when analyzing from the head to the lower abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center surrounded by red and yellow with yellow on the outer most edge of the cover [2]. The wing covers are a black in color and are edged in yellow. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment which is yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color.

==Bioluminescence==
They create the bioluminescent light with the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producing the complex organic compound luciferin. As luciferin oxidizes, a "cold light" is emitted [4]. The term "cold light" refers to majority of the energy produced is in the form of light with very little released as heat[1]. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [5]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to find a mate. While most of the bioluminescent is used to attract a mate, it may also be used to warn predators of their toxicity[6].

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands typically found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Easter Firefly acts as both a predator and prey. The larva and adult fireflies can be found eating insects, snails, and earthworms[1]. While not many species eat the Common Easter Firefly, it can be seen that Photinus pyralis species will eat each other. It can be found that females may lure in males by mimicking mating signals as bait[6].
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly goes through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to adult. In the early stages it can be seen that both the eggs and larvae emit a soft glow to warn off predators[1].

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape. They are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid[1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [7].

'''Pupa:''' Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperatures [8].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days with female fireflies laying up to 500 eggs in a season.[1].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4]http://photobiology.info/Branchini2.html

[5] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[6] https://www.fllt.org/firefly-bioluminescence/#:~:text=The%20mostly%20nocturnal%20firefly%20larvae,bats%20that%20they%20are%20poisonous.

[7] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[8] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)

2025-03-28T03:15:30Z

Alexsamo: Created page with "''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles that are one the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in the late summer and into the summer months. Common Eastern Firefly glowing ==Taxonomy== '''Kingdom:''' Animalia '''Phylum:''' Anthropoda '''Cl..."

''Photinus pyralis'', also commonly referred to as the Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly, or Lightning Bug are a species of flying beetles that are one the most common firefly species in North America [1]. These beetles are known for the show they put on in the late summer and into the summer months.
[[File:CEFglowing_(1).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common Eastern Firefly glowing]]
==Taxonomy==
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia
'''Phylum:''' Anthropoda
'''Class:''' Insecta
'''Order:''' Coleoptera
'''Family:''' Lampyridae
'''Genus:''' Photinus

[[File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg|thumb|300px|Close up of Common Eastern Firefly with wing covers closed]]

==Description==
The average adult beetle is around 9 to 19 mm (0.4 to 0.7 inches) long [1] consisting of three main sections including the head, thorax and abdomen. The overall body of the beetles transitions from red to black to yellow when analyzing from the head to the lower abdomen. The shield like plate covering the beetles head has a black dot in the center with surrounded by red and yellow with yellow on the outer most edge of the cover [2]. The wing covers are a black in color that is edged in yellow. Underneath the wing covers is pairs of wings and an abdomen that is black in color with respect to the last segment of the abdomen that is yellow. The last segment is the bioluminescent organ found to "glow". The beetles are found to have a hard exoskeleton with 6 jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes located on either side of the head [3] all of which are blackish brown in color. Each firefly species is found to have different lightning patterns. The male Common Eastern Firefly is found to have a single sustained yellow light while flying upwards forming the letter "J" [4]. The female fireflies are often found on long blades of grass emitting their own flashing signal to find a mate.

==Habitat==
These beetles are nocturnal and crepuscular indicating they are most active at night and during dawn and dusk. The larvae can be found living on damp ground near streams. The adult beetles are typically found in meadows, wetlands, and edges of woodlands typically found in conditions of wet soils and tall grasses [3].

==Ecosystem Importance==
The Common Easter Firefly acts as both a predator and prey.
[[File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com_(1).png|300px|thumb|Life Cycle of Fireflies]]

==Life Cycle==
The Common Eastern Firefly geos through the life cycle of metamorphous as the beetle transforms from larvae to the adult beetle.

'''Eggs:''' Are about 1 mm in length and spherical in shape are found to hatch 4 weeks after being laid. It may also be found that the eggs emit a soft glow [1].

'''Larva:''' The larvae live around 1 to 2 years. The larvae may be found eating [[insects]], snails, and earthworms [5].

'''Pupa:''' Pupas are formed as the larvae metamorphize to the adult phase. Pupates are found within damp [[soil]] requiring 9 to 15 days to fully mature which is dependent on soil temperatures [6].

'''Adult:''' The adult fireflies live around 30 days. A firefly may lay up to 500 eggs on damp soil[1].

==References==

[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129350-Photinus-pyralis

[2] https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fireflies-lightning-bugs#:~:text=The%20adults%20of%20most%20species,covers%20the%20head%20from%20above.

[3] https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/#:~:text=The%20common%20eastern%20firefly%20is,%2C%20thorax%2C%20and%20abdomen).

[4] https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/firefly-flash-patterns.htm

[5] https://www.lifeoncsgpond.com/common-eastern-firefly#:~:text=At%20dusk%2C%20a%20flying%2C%20flashing,with%20narrow%20yellow%20side%20margins.

[6] https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/bneely/articles/page1587050468972#:~:text=Larval%20Photinus%20can%20be%20found,to%20mature%20depending%20on%20temperature.

File:Fireflyproject-weebly-com (1).png

2025-03-28T03:10:57Z

Alexsamo:

File:CEFglowing (1).jpg

2025-03-28T03:01:46Z

Alexsamo:

File:Commoneeasterfireflyflying (1).jpg

2025-03-28T02:56:53Z

Alexsamo:

File:Commoneasternfirefly.jpg

2025-03-28T02:53:30Z

Alexsamo:

File:Common eastern firefly.jpeg

2025-03-28T01:56:42Z

Alexsamo: Image of common eastern firefly with wing covers closed.

== Summary ==
Image of common eastern firefly with wing covers closed.

Wolf Spider

2025-03-14T02:05:44Z

Alexsamo: /* Habitats */

Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae. This family belongs to the order Araneae, which includes all known spiders. There are more than 100 genera and about 2,300 species of wolf spiders with 200 of those species living in the United States [1]. The wolf spider mainly feeds on [[insects]], has a lifespan of up to a year (making them annuals), and ranges in size from 0.24 to 1.2 inches [2].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;
|-
|colspan="2" |[[File:Wolf spider white bg.jpg|thumb|Wolf Spider Full Body View]]
|-
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Domain:
|style="min-width:6em; |Eukaryota
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Arthropod]]a
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Subphylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Chelicerata
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arachnida
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Araneae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lycosidae
|}

==Description==
The size of the wolf spider can be as small as 1/4 inch but can grow as large as 2 inches, with females being much larger than males. Their eyes are separated into 3 rows with the bottom row containing 4 small eyes, the middle row containing 2 large eyes, and the top row containing 2 medium-sized eyes. This gives them powerful vision that can detect prey, even at night. Their bodies are also covered in hairs that help them detect their surroundings with touch. Wolf spiders have a wide range of colorations including black, orange, brown, and grey [3].

==Habitats==
Wolf spiders are found all throughout the United States. Their common habitats include woods, grasslands, and shrubbery (any area that has a close source of running water). Due to the wide variety of species and sizes, their range of habitats is diverse. Instead of living on spun webs, the wolf spiders create shallow burrows in the dirt for resting and overwintering [4].

==Mating and Reproduction==
Male wolf spiders only come in contact with female wolf spiders during their mating season. Mating takes place outside of the female's burrow at night. The male is attracted to the female through the pheromones from the silk they produce. Males perform a complex mating dance that includes complex leg movements and palp signaling to the female. After mating is completed, the female constructs an egg sac that she carries around and protects. Females are very defensive over their egg sacs and show aggressive behaviors to protect them [1].

[[File:Wolf Spider with egg sac (31663965492).jpg|thumb|Wolf spider with egg sac]]

==Hunting Habits==
Wolf spiders get their name from the way that they hunt and stalk their prey. They are usually lone hunters, which does not hinder their chances of catching prey. Just like actual wolves, the wolf spider leaps at its prey after stalking them and uses its strong jaws to bite and consume them. Common prey of this species include crickets, earwigs, grasshoppers, flies, and ants [3]. They have even been found to prey upon small reptiles or amphibians in some cases. Unlike other arachnid species, wolf spiders will hunt in a set territory and return prey to their nest to consume it [1].

==References==
[1] Wolf Spiders - Great Facts, Venom & Habitat Information. (n.d.). . https://animalcorner.org/animals/wolf-spider/

[2] Wolf Spider Facts. 2018, December 14. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/wolf-spider.

[3]Wolf Spider - Size, Appearance, Bite, Facts and Pictures. 2018, November 15. . https://badpests.com/wolf-spider/.

[4] Wolf Spider Habitat | Terminix. (n.d.). . https://www.terminix.com/spiders/wolf/where-do-wolf-spiders-live/.

Wolf Spider

2025-03-14T02:03:33Z

Alexsamo:

Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae. This family belongs to the order Araneae, which includes all known spiders. There are more than 100 genera and about 2,300 species of wolf spiders with 200 of those species living in the United States [1]. The wolf spider mainly feeds on [[insects]], has a lifespan of up to a year (making them annuals), and ranges in size from 0.24 to 1.2 inches [2].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;
|-
|colspan="2" |[[File:Wolf spider white bg.jpg|thumb|Wolf Spider Full Body View]]
|-
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Domain:
|style="min-width:6em; |Eukaryota
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Arthropod]]a
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Subphylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Chelicerata
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arachnida
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Araneae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lycosidae
|}

==Description==
The size of the wolf spider can be as small as 1/4 inch but can grow as large as 2 inches, with females being much larger than males. Their eyes are separated into 3 rows with the bottom row containing 4 small eyes, the middle row containing 2 large eyes, and the top row containing 2 medium-sized eyes. This gives them powerful vision that can detect prey, even at night. Their bodies are also covered in hairs that help them detect their surroundings with touch. Wolf spiders have a wide range of colorations including black, orange, brown, and grey [3].

==Habitats==
Wolf spiders are found all throughout the United States. Their common habitats include woods, grasslands, and shrubbery (any area that has a close source of running water). Since there is a wide variety of species and size, their range of habitats is broad. Instead of living on spun webs, the wolf spiders create shallow burrows in the dirt for resting and overwintering [4].

==Mating and Reproduction==
Male wolf spiders only come in contact with female wolf spiders during their mating season. Mating takes place outside of the female's burrow at night. The male is attracted to the female through the pheromones from the silk they produce. Males perform a complex mating dance that includes complex leg movements and palp signaling to the female. After mating is completed, the female constructs an egg sac that she carries around and protects. Females are very defensive over their egg sacs and show aggressive behaviors to protect them [1].

[[File:Wolf Spider with egg sac (31663965492).jpg|thumb|Wolf spider with egg sac]]

==Hunting Habits==
Wolf spiders get their name from the way that they hunt and stalk their prey. They are usually lone hunters, which does not hinder their chances of catching prey. Just like actual wolves, the wolf spider leaps at its prey after stalking them and uses its strong jaws to bite and consume them. Common prey of this species include crickets, earwigs, grasshoppers, flies, and ants [3]. They have even been found to prey upon small reptiles or amphibians in some cases. Unlike other arachnid species, wolf spiders will hunt in a set territory and return prey to their nest to consume it [1].

==References==
[1] Wolf Spiders - Great Facts, Venom & Habitat Information. (n.d.). . https://animalcorner.org/animals/wolf-spider/

[2] Wolf Spider Facts. 2018, December 14. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/wolf-spider.

[3]Wolf Spider - Size, Appearance, Bite, Facts and Pictures. 2018, November 15. . https://badpests.com/wolf-spider/.

[4] Wolf Spider Habitat | Terminix. (n.d.). . https://www.terminix.com/spiders/wolf/where-do-wolf-spiders-live/.

Amynthas agrestis

2025-03-14T01:54:30Z

Alexsamo: /* Reproduction */

Amynthas agrestis, more commonly known as the Asian jumping worm or crazy worm, is a species of invasive [[earthworm]]. They are relatively new in the United States and can be found in the Southeast, along the Eastern Seaboard, in the mid-Atlantic, Midwest, and some Northwestern states. They outcompete native [[earthworm]] species by taking over a section of the forest floor until the resources have been exhausted, then moving on to another section of the forest. They have a devastating effect because of their burrowing. The forest floor substrate and the vital nutrients that make up the food web of the forest, as a whole, are more scarce, lowering the overall [[biodiversity]] in areas with these worms.
[[File:Crazy_worm.jpg|thumb|Asian Jumping Worm in comparison to an individuals fingers]]

==Scientific Classification==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:80%;"
|+ Asian Jumping Worm Taxonomy
|-
|
! scope="row" | Kingdom
! scope="row" | Phylum
! scope="row" | Class
! scope="row" | Order
! scope="row" | Family
! scope="row" | Genus
|-
! scope="col" | Classification
| Animalia
| Annelida
| Clitellata
| Opisthopora
| Megascolecidae
| Amynthas
|}

==Background==

In the Northeastern US, during the last ice age around 10,000 years ago, massive glaciers scraped the [[bedrock]] bare as they receded over hundreds of years. This removed any native [[earthworms]] that were originally present in this area. Since then, humans have brought new [[earthworms]] over from Europe, and there is an ongoing debate about whether or not these species are helpful or harmful. It is generally assumed that they are doing more good than bad. The ''Amynthas agrestis'' are from Japan and Korea and are very aggressive and notably different from the European [[earthworms]].

Crazy worms can spread to new areas by hitchhiking long distances in potted plants or mulch. There are two ways of telling if your potted plant is harboring invasive [[earthworms]]. The first way is to turn the plant upside-down and gently remove the root ball. If crazy worms are present, the roots, as well as some potting soil, may be missing. However, if only young crazy worms are present or there are very few, damage may not be evident. The second and more reliable way of telling if they are present is a mustard solution. Mix one gallon of water with 1/3 cup of ground yellow mustard seed, and pour the mixture slowly into the soil. Any worms in the soil (including the worms that benefit soil) will come to the surface and they can be checked for any invasive species.

[[File:Worm.jpg|thumb| Video Depicting Amynthas Agrestis: "https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ca7n3Gf3xX4" ]]

==Characteristics of Amynthas Agrestis==

''Amynthas agrestis'' can be distinguished from other worms by their darker color and by the band near their middle called a clitellum. In most worms the clitellum is puffy and similar in color to the rest of the body. In crazy worms, it is even with the body rather than puffy and has a milky white to gray color. They can appear to be iridescent, and violet colors in direct sunlight. This is not the only thing that sets them apart, Mature size and behavior help differentiate. Crazy worms are very hyperactive and slither like a snake, which is not normal of other [[annelids]]. They will shed their tails to escape predation similarly to their close relative the Alabama Jumper (''Amynthas gracilis''). Their vermicast (worm manure) is very large in comparison to other earthworms and has the appearance of cooked ground beef.

Because of their acrobatics, crazy worms are valued as fishing bait, and despite it being illegal in most areas, they are still commonly used as bait. To be safe, anglers should securely cover bait containers and destroy all unused bait by placing it on bare concrete and stepping on it. With a presence in Wisconsin and Minnesota, ''Amynthas agrestis'' is hardy to USDA Zone 4 and possibly colder.
[[File:Worm_deer.jpg]]

==Reproduction==

Most earthworms are hermaphroditic, which means that they have both male and female reproductive organs, but still reproduce sexually, requiring a mate. Amynthas agrestis on the other hand, are parthenogenic, meaning they are all females and can reproduce without a mate. They reproduce by making cocoons filled with hundreds of babies that are also female, which means it only takes one crazy worm in any given area to lead to infestation.

''Amynthas agrestis'' also matures at twice the rate of European earthworms, finishing two generations per season instead of one. Their population density is also greater than other earthworms, and they are a much larger species and grow to around 8 inches long. All of these features lead to a massive ''Amynthas agrestis'' biomass in areas where they are established. "In areas of heavy infestation, native plants, [[soil]] [[invertebrates]], [[salamanders]], birds and other [[animals]] may decline. By disturbing the soil, jumping worms help facilitate the spread of invasive species. Jumping worms can severely damage roots of plants in nurseries, gardens, forests and turf."[1] This includes lawns as well as the roots of annuals, perennials, and shrubs. In the forests, they destroy the native wildflowers, wiping out such plants as trillium, bloodroot, Jack-in-the-pulpit, lady slipper, and other understory plants. As these understory plants disappear, they take the understory songbirds with them. As Amynthas Agrestis infestation removes organics from soil, the soil becomes clumpy and granular making it susceptible to compaction and erosion. Forest soils actually subside, exposing tree roots. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources invasive species specialist Bernie Williams stated “Their introduction into our state poses a huge threat to the future of our forests.”[6]

[[File:Amynthas-agrestis-crazy-worm-1.jpg|thumb|Amynthas Agrestis amoung a pile of litter on the base of the forest floor]]

==References==

[1] Ceballos, Karen. 2017. ''Invasive Species; Jumping Worms.'' Cornell University Cooperative Extension. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/a/4227/files/2017/11/JumpingWoms_FactSheet-11_15_17-2026fwt.pdf

[2] https://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/native-plants-crazy-snake-worm/

[3] Churchill, Steve. 2016. ''The "Crazy Worm" Infesting the Upper Midwest and Northeast US.'' Urban Worm Company. https://urbanwormcompany.com/crazy-worm-amynthas-agrestis

[4] Jean. 2017. ''Urban Forest [[Ecology]]: Voracious, Parthenogenic, Intensely Squirmy Amynthas Worms.'' New York State Urban Forestry Council. http://nysufc.org/worms-bad-urban-forest/2017/10/14/#more-3574

[5] http://fingerlakesinvasives.org/species-spotlight-crazy-snake-worm/

[6] https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/forestmanagement/documents/wildcards/fr-518.pdf

[7] ''Amynthas Agrestis.'' INaturalist.org. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/364093-Amynthas-agrestis

[8] http://blog.uvm.edu/jgorres/amynthas/